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A Coordinated Analysis of Variance in Affect in Daily Life
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Despite widespread interest in variance in affect, basic questions remain pertaining to the relative proportions of between-person and within-person variance, the contribution of days and moments, and the reliability of these estimates. We addressed these questions by decomposing negative affect and positive affect variance across three levels (person, day, moment), and calculating reliability using a coordinated analysis of seven daily diary, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), and diary-EMA hybrid studies (across studies age = 18-84 years, total N persons = 2,103, total N observations = 45,065). Across studies, within-person variance was sizeable (negative affect: 45% to 66%, positive affect: 25% to 74%); in EMA more within-person variance was attributable to momentary rather than daily level. Reliability was adequate to high at all levels of analysis (within-person: .73-.91; between-person: .96-1.00) despite different items and designs. We discuss the implications of these results for the design of future intensive studies of affect variance.
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“We derived these affect items from previous personalized sensing studies [which used the circumplex model of emotion as basis; (69, 70)] and a review of affect measurement in previous EMA studies (71), to increase the comparability with existing literature.”
From Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
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Just-in-time adaptive ecological momentary assessment (JITA-EMA)
Schneider, S., Junghaenel, D. U., Smyth, J. M., Wen, C. K. F., & Stone, A. A. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02083-8 · Cited by 65
“Common EMA measures such as momentary emotion scales with 3–5 items have been shown to capture within-person fluctuations with reliabilities of 0.6 to 0.8 (Cranford et al., 2006; Scott et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhaoyang, R., Scott, S., Smyth, J. M., Kang, J. E., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz057 · Cited by 52
“99) [27], and responses on happy, enthusiastic, content, and excited were averaged as a measure of current PA (within-person reliability is 0.”
BackgroundPersonalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment
Kathan, A., Harrer, M., Küster, L., Triantafyllopoulos, A., He, X., Milling, M., Gerczuk, M., Yan, T., Rajamani, S. T., Heber, E., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.964582 · Cited by 47
“We derived these affect items from previous personalized sensing studies [which used the circumplex model of emotion as basis; (69, 70)] and a review of affect measurement in previous EMA studies (71), to increase the comparability with existing literature.”
MethodSense of Purpose Predicts Daily Positive Events and Attenuates Their Influence on Positive Affect
Hill, P., Sin, N. L., Almeida, D., & Burrow, A. L. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000776 · Cited by 39
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Marcusson‐Clavertz, D., West, M. J., Kjell, O., & Somer, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225529 · Cited by 43
Online validation of combined mood induction procedures
Marcusson‐Clavertz, D., Kjell, O., Persson, S. D., & Cardeña, E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217848 · Cited by 35
Associations Between Objective Sleep and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in a Community Sample
Doyle, C. Y., Ruiz, J. M., Taylor, D. J., Smyth, J. W., Flores, M. A., Dietch, J. R., Ahn, C. W., Allison, M., Smith, T. W., & Uchino, B. N. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000711 · Cited by 35
Beck, E. D., Yoneda, T. B., James, B. D., Bennett, D. A., Hassenstab, J. J., Katz, M. J., Lipton, R. B., Morris, J. C., Mroczek, D. K., & Graham, E. K. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13523 · Cited by 31
“67 Future research should make use of longitudinal measurement burst designs that assess day-to-day negative affect, to examine prospective associations between average levels of and variability in affect in relation to dementia diagnosis and neuropathology.”
BackgroundCoordinated data analysis: Knowledge accumulation in lifespan developmental psychology.
Graham, E. K., Willroth, E. C., Weston, S. J., Terrera, G. M., Clouston, S., Hofer, S. M., Mroczek, D. K., & Piccinin, A. M. (2021) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000612 · Cited by 31
Pyatak, E. A., Hernandez, R., Pham, L. T., Mehdiyeva, K., Schneider, S., Peters, A. L., RUELAS, V. F., Crandall, J. P., Lee, P.-J., Jin, H., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30901 · Cited by 32
“Domains: activity type, activity location, activity social situation, activity performance, activity satisfaction, activity importance, diabetes intrusiveness Questions about activity performance, satisfaction, and importance were derived from the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure [39] Question about diabetes…”
Mölsä, M., Lax, M., Korhonen, J., Gumpel, T. P., & Söderberg, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.844698 · Cited by 26
New Opportunities for Advancing Dyadic Health Science in Gerontology
Wilson, S. J., Novak, J. R., Yorgason, J. B., Martire, L. M., & Lyons, K. S. (2022) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnac187 · Cited by 30
Relationships between daily stress responses in everyday life and nightly sleep
Marcusson‐Clavertz, D., Sliwinski, M. J., Buxton, O. M., Kim, J., Almeida, D. M., & Smyth, J. M. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-021-00281-3 · Cited by 30
Schönbrodt, F. D., Zygar–Hoffmann, C., Nestler, S., Pusch, S., & Hagemeyer, B. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01701-7 · Cited by 26
Hernandez, R., Pyatak, E. A., Vigen, C. L. P., Jin, H., Schneider, S., Spruijt‐Metz, D., & Roll, S. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910354 · Cited by 30
Comparison between sentiments of people from affected and non-affected regions after the flood
Guo, D., Zhao, Q., Chen, Q., Wu, J., Li, L., & Gao, H. (2021) · Geomatics Natural Hazards and Risk · doi:10.1080/19475705.2021.2012530 · Cited by 23
Arigo, D., Hevel, D. J., Bittel, K. M., & Maher, J. P. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102138 · Cited by 31
The history of dynamic approaches to personality
Revelle, W., & Wilt, J. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00001-7 · Cited by 29
Cooke, E. M., Schuurman, N. K., & Zheng, Y. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001167 · Cited by 23
Ruminative Variability Predicts Increases in Depression and Social Anxiety
Bean, C. A. L., & Ciesla, J. A. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10451-z · Cited by 20
“While it is common for studies assessing momentary rumination to use one or two items (e.g., Blanke et al., 2022; Kiekens et al., 2023), the MRS was used in this study as the five items allow more reliable estimation of momentary rumination than is afforded by fewer items (Scott et al., 2020).”
Fu, S., Lee, Y. E., Yoon, S., Dimotakis, N. E., Koopman, J., & Tepper, B. J. (2024) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12640 · Cited by 22
Mukherjee, D., Lee, S. A., & Almeida, D. M. (2023) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-023-00209-x · Cited by 18
“Affective indices examined in intensive longitudinal design studies within the community population suggest, in general, NA varies over time while PA remains relatively stable (Scott et al., 2020).”
BackgroundUltra-brief Assessment of Working Memory Capacity: Ambulatory Assessment Study Using Smartphones
Hakun, J. G., Roque, N. A., Gerver, C. R., & Cerino, E. S. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/40188 · Cited by 17
“Decision studies (“D-study”), that is, estimation of reliability at between- and within-person levels, were conducted using formulas described in detail by Cranford et al [35] (Equations 4 and 5; also see Scott et al [39]).”
MethodYousefi, S., Najjar-Ghabel, S., Danehchin, R., Band, S. S., Hsu, C.-C., & Mosavi, A. H. (2024) · Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2024.101944 · Cited by 17
“The vector α signifies the predicted data direction. population of more than two classes; if the difference exceeds a predetermined threshold, the feature is considered a significant attribute (Scott et al., 2020).”
Personality differences in the occurrence and affective correlates of daily positive events
Klaiber, P., Wen, J., Ong, A. D., Almeida, D. M., & Sin, N. L. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12676 · Cited by 17
Crawford, J. L., English, T., & Braver, T. S. (2022) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000646 · Cited by 19
Memory lapses in daily life among breast cancer survivors and women without cancer history
Scott, S., Mogle, J. A., Sliwinski, M. J., Jim, H., & Small, B. J. (2020) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5357 · Cited by 15
“Reliability was calculated both between persons (ie, reliability of a measure of stable, between person differences in affect) and within persons (ie, reliability of a measure of differences in affect between occasions within the same person) for both samples.(27,28) For negative affect, reliabilities were adequate to…”
BackgroundAffective Reactions to daily interpersonal stressors: Moderation by family involvement and gender
Witzel, D. D., Chandler, K. D., & Stawski, R. S. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221125431 · Cited by 15
“Theorists have proposed, for example, that people influence and are influenced by the lives of family and others that they interact with (Settersten, 2015).”
BackgroundEvaluating dynamics in affect structure with latent Markov factor analysis.
Vogelsmeier, L. V. D. E., Cloos, L., Kuppens, P., & Ceulemans, E. (2023) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001307 · Cited by 17
“Note, however, that differences in the study characteristics (e.g., sampling frequency, time frame, item selection, level of analysis; Carroll et al., 1999; Eisele et al., 2021; Scott et al., 2020; Watson et al., 1999), will likely influence the emerging structure of affect.”
BackgroundWitzel, D. D., Turner, S. G., & Hooker, K. A. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab228 · Cited by 14
A faith-based mind–body intervention to improve psychosocial well-being among rural adults
Mama, S. K., Bhuiyan, N., Bopp, M., McNeill, L. H., Lengerich, E. J., & Smyth, J. M. (2020) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibz136 · Cited by 17
“Additionally, given daily fluctuations in affective states related to mental health and well-being [39], the simple pre–post measurement of psychosocial distress and quality of life may reduce ecologic validity of findings.”
BackgroundWitzel, D. D., & Stawski, R. S. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab006 · Cited by 15
Stawski, R. S., Cichy, K. E., Witzel, D. D., Schuyler, A. C., & Nichols, M. J. (2022) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-022-01444-7 · Cited by 13
Braitman, A. L., Romano, K. A., Heron, K. E., Ehlke, S. J., Shappie, A. T., & Lewis, R. J. (2021) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001073 · Cited by 12
HabitWalk: A micro‐randomized trial to understand and promote habit formation in physical activity
Baretta, D., Gillmann, N., Edgren, R., & Inauen, J. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12605 · Cited by 16
Neupert, S. D. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab169 · Cited by 11
Adding Insult to Injury: Everyday Discrimination Moderates Stressor-Related Negative Affect
Kaur, A., Charles, S. T., Molina, K. M., & Almeida, D. M. (2022) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2022.2092441 · Cited by 12
Lüdtke, T., Hedelt, K. S., & Westermann, S. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101885 · Cited by 11
Mean Affect Moderates the Association between Affect Variability and Mental Health
Jenkins, B. N., Ong, L. Q., Ong, A. D., Lee, H. Y., & Boehm, J. K. (2024) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-024-00238-0 · Cited by 13
“The affect scales in the NSDE have acceptable between-person reliability ( R kF = .99 for positive affect, .97 for negative affect) and within-person reliability ( R C = .86 for positive affect, .77 for negative affect; Scott et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDomke, A., Keller, J., Heuse, S., Wiedemann, A. U., Lorbeer, N., & Knoll, N. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12254 · Cited by 10
Joseph, N. T., Chow, E. C., Peterson, L. M., Kamarck, T. W., Clinton, M., & DeBruin, M. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000966 · Cited by 11
“EMA emotion measures are less susceptible to recall bias than daily or trait measures and exhibit strong within-person reliability (18).”
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Jin, H., Gonzalez, J. S., Pyatak, E. A., Schneider, S., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Hernandez, R., Lee, P.-J., & Spruijt‐Metz, D. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111442 · Cited by 9
Gavrilova, L., & Zawadzki, M. J. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2252960 · Cited by 9
“Based on prior research (Scott et al., 2020), negative emotions were assessed using EMA, with participants separately rating their anxious, angry, and sad emotional states on a 0 ( not at all ) to 10 ( extremely ) sliding scale.”
MethodMacIntyre, R. I., Heron, K. E., Dawson, C. A., Filipkowski, K. B., & Arigo, D. (2021) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2021.40.4.304 · Cited by 8
Almeida, D. M., Charles, S. T., Piazza, J., Stawski, R., Cichy, K., Cerino, E., Rush, J., Nicholson, J. S., Holmberg, J. C., Cramer, N., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/76453 · Cited by 8
“As one example, Scott and colleagues [52] used NSDE data as part of a coordinated analysis of intensive repeated measurement studies that descriptively demonstrated significant between-person variation, within-person variation, and reliability of daily negative affect and daily positive affect.”
Hernandez, R., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Gonzalez, J. S., Pyatak, E. A., Crespo-Ramos, G., & Schneider, S. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/58352 · Cited by 7
“The use of EMA methodology is ubiquitous in a broad range of fields [25-27], and the use of EMA emotion items is commonplace [28].”
Stull, S. W., Mogle, J. A., Bertz, J. W., Burgess-Hull, A. J., Panlilio, L. V., Lanza, S. T., Preston, K. L., & Epstein, D. H. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001160 · Cited by 7
Johnson, J. A., Zawadzki, M. J., Sliwinski, M. J., Almeida, D. M., Buxton, O. M., Conroy, D. E., Marcusson‐Clavertz, D., Kim, J., Stawski, R. S., Scott, S., et al. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/58985 · Cited by 8
Pang, R. D., Tucker, C. J., D’Orazio, L. M., Weinberger, A. H., & Guillot, C. R. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000741 · Cited by 6
Hernandez, R., Schneider, S., Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., Spruijt‐Metz, D., & Pyatak, E. A. (2023) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2023.050173 · Cited by 6
Caplin, A., Beauchamp, M. R., Weiss, J., Schilf, S., Hives, B. A., DeLongis, A., Johansen, K. L., Epel, E. S., & Puterman, E. M. (2021) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-020-00026-6 · Cited by 7
Diachina, A. K., & Neupert, S. D. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1998353 · Cited by 6
“Within-person reliability estimates (Scott et al., 2020) were all acceptable (plan rehearsal = .”
BackgroundMethodAnticipatory stress during an election: A daily diary study
Zhu, X., & Neupert, S. D. (2022) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12852 · Cited by 6
Affect variability and physical health: The moderating role of mean affect
Jenkins, B. N., Ong, L. Q., Lee, H. Y., Ong, A. D., & Boehm, J. K. (2023) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12459 · Cited by 9
“Typically, greater levels of mean negative affect are associated with worse health (Pacella et al., 2018; Sirois & Burg, 2003; Suls & Bunde, 2005; Willroth et al., 2020).”
BackgroundConscientiousness, Activity Engagement, and Momentary Affect in Oldest-Old Adulthood
Windsor, T. D., Curtis, R., Gerstorf, D., Hoppmann, C. A., & Luszcz, M. A. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa136 · Cited by 6
Core Beliefs Disruption in the Context of an Election: Implications for Subjective Well-Being
Zhu, X., & Neupert, S. D. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211021347 · Cited by 6
“Third, previous research indicates that individuals may lend themselves to prolonged negative post-event responses by reliving it through media exposure (e.g., Silver et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAngonese, G., Buhl, M., Kuhlmann, I., Kollmeier, B., & Hildebrandt, A. (2024) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/52310 · Cited by 4
“A total of 8 items were related to negative affect, and 6 items were related to positive affect [65].”
BackgroundToledo, M. J. L., Zawadzki, M. J., Scott, S., Johnson, J. A., Marcusson‐Clavertz, D., Kim, J., Lanza, S. T., Almeida, D. M., Sliwinski, M. J., & Smyth, J. M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3501 · Cited by 5
“…approximately half of the variance in the raw indicators could be attributed to between‐person differences and the other half to within‐person differences (both between‐ days and within‐day variations), which were very similar to that of previous studies (Podsakoff et al. 2019; Scott et al. 2020).”
Limberger, M. F., Schmiedek, F., Santangelo, P., Reichert, M., Wieland, L. M., Berhe, O., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Tost, H., & Ebner‐Priemer, U. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1061229 · Cited by 8
“To our knowledge, there is one published methodological study (Wilhelm and Schoebi, 2007) and one metaanalysis (Scott et al., 2020) of adults and one published methodological study of children (Leonhardt et al.”
BackgroundMaher, J. P., Labban, J. D., Hudgins, B. L., Hevel, D. J., Bittel, K. M., Kennedy‐Malone, L., & Hedeker, D. (2024) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2024-0350 · Cited by 7
Community crime and safety: An investigation of gender differences in the daily stress process
Robinette, J. W., Piazza, J. R., & Stawski, R. S. (2024) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.23158 · Cited by 4
“Within ‐ and between ‐ person reliabilities for positive affect were α = 0.86 and α = 0.99, respectively (Scott et al., 2020).”
InfluentialBrearly, T. W., Elbich, D., Dhinojwala, M., & Hakun, J. G. (2025) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2025.2534720 · Cited by 4
“…cognition as a construct that can vary dynamically over short periods of time in relation to other biologic, psychological, and environmental contextual factors (Benson et al., 2023; Hakun et al., 2023; Hawks et al., 2024; Scott et al., 2020; Sliwinski, 2008; Sunderaraman et al., 2024).”
A Coordinated Analysis of Physical Reactivity to Daily Stressors: Age and Proactive Coping Matter
Neupert, S. D., Smith, E. L., & Schriefer, M. L. (2022) · Forecasting · doi:10.3390/forecast4040054 · Cited by 6
“Consistent with best practices for coordinated analysis [58,59], we tested simple slopes using the same procedure as in Study 1 and conducted separate models for younger (age 19–36, see Table 4) and older (age 37–86, see Table 5) participants with all covariates.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialZawadzki, M. J., Hojjaty, A., Guilas, A.-C., & Song, A. V. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104472 · Cited by 4
Dial, B., Zawadzki, M. J., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Witzel, D. D., Tobin, J. N., Cassells, A. N., & Brondolo, E. N. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251358123 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, we partitioned the variance at the momentary (Level 1) and person (Level 2) levels with null models using the PROC MIXED command, in line with prior work (Scott et al., 2020), using restricted maximum likelihood estimation to improve the estimation of random effects.”
Predicting daily fluctuations in multidimensional subjective age among adults aged 19 to 84 years
Zhou, S., Brady, B., Zheng, L., Neupert, S. D., & Anstey, K. J. (2026) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254251413126 · Cited by 5
Ambulatory assessment in mental health: expert consensus and recommendations
Löchner, J., Santangelo, P., Ansell, E. B., Bolger, N. P., Ebner‐Priemer, U., Fried, E. I., Gawrilow, C., Hamaker, E. L., Hepp, J., Kaurin, A., et al. (2026) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-026-00658-w · Cited by 10
Kho, C., Zawadzki, M. J., & Main, A. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075231167887 · Cited by 5
Hernandez, R., Schneider, S., Jin, H., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Lee, P.-J., Pham, L. T., & Pyatak, E. A. (2024) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2024.050527 · Cited by 3
“We assessed positive and negative affect with EMA items from Scott et al. ’ s (2018) stress and working memory study.”
Hernandez, R., Schneider, S., Pham, L. T., & Pyatak, E. A. (2023) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-023-10171-2 · Cited by 3
Zawadzki, M. J., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Robles, P. L., Hussain, M. R., Fair, E. V., Tobin, J. N., Cassells, A. N., & Brondolo, E. N. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaad033 · Cited by 3
Ferguson, G., Ali, S., Pasquini, G., Graham, E. K., Mrozcek, D., Clouston, S., Eaton, N. R., Neubauer, A. B., & Scott, S. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104452 · Cited by 3
Positive event diversity: Relationship with personality and well‐being
Klaiber, P., Hill, P. L., Almeida, D. M., DeLongis, A., & Sin, N. L. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12917 · Cited by 3
“The reliability of between-person differences was excellent ( R > 0.97; Scott et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialLanza, S. T., Whetzel, C. A., & Bhandari, S. (2024) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/45689 · Cited by 3
“This finding is consistent with a coordinated analysis of 6 intensive longitudinal studies of positive and negative affect; variance decomposition of daily data reliably showed affect to be more strongly characterized by between-person differences [40].”
ResultJohnson, N. J., Kil, H., Pauly, T., Ashe, M. C., Madden, K. M., Murphy, R. A., Linden, W., Gerstorf, D., & Hoppmann, C. A. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117635 · Cited by 3
Characterizing older adults’ real world memory function using ecologically valid approaches
Richmond, L. L., & Burnett, L. K. (2022) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2022.07.004 · Cited by 3
Shi, D., Hébert, E. T., & Businelle, M. S. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bdpre · Cited by 3
The stability of intraindividual means and standard deviations of affect
Shryock, I., Condon, D. M., & Weston, S. J. (2025) · Personality Science · doi:10.1177/27000710251318301 · Cited by 2
“A substantial amount of research has assessed the reliability of momentary measures of affect and dynamic indices (Dejonckheere et al., 2022; Scott et al., 2020; Wendt et al., 2020; Wilhelm & Schoebi, 2007).”
Considerations for Advancing the Conceptualization of Well-being
Sin, N. L., & Ong, L. Q. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00149-y · Cited by 2
Daily Stressor Appraisals and Subjective Age Predict Daily Affective Ratings
Graham, L. N., O’Brien, E. L., & Neupert, S. D. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaf029 · Cited by 2
Manipulating emotions for ground truth emotion analysisPreprint
Kleinberg, B. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.08952 · Cited by 2
Ultra-brief Ambulatory Assessment of Working Memory Capacity via Smart PhonesPreprint
Hakun, J. G., Roque, N. A., Gerver, C. R., & Cerino, E. S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ewzg7 · Cited by 2
Chasing consistency: On the measurement error in self-reported affect in experiments
Vanhasbroeck, N., Vanbelle, S., Moors, A., Vanpaemel, W., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2023) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02290-3 · Cited by 2
Hernandez, R., Aldrich, R. M., Schneider, S., Stone, A. A., Roll, S. C., & Pyatak, E. A. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2024.2431138 · Cited by 2
“Items for the psychosomatic variables (Bro-derick et al., 2009; Dunton et al., 2019) and affect (Scott et al., 2018) were all administered in several prior EMA studies.”
Teuber, Z., Botes, E., Reiter, J., Greiff, S., Aunola, K., & McNeish, D. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00346-y · Cited by 1
Maher, J. P., Behler, M. H., Castro-Buitrago, N., Hudgins, B. L., Murray, E. E., Seo, Y., & Rebar, A. L. (2026) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2025.2528925 · Cited by 1
“Using an adjective based approach in EMA research, as few as two items assessing positive or negative affect has shown to be valid in capturing these constructs (Scott et al., 2020).”
The (in)distinguishability of Machiavellianism and psychopathy? Discovering the daily dynamics
Walczak, D., Rogoza, R., & Jones, D. N. (2026) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2026.104710 · Cited by 1
Zhu, J., Pan, H., Zhou, J., Gao, Y., Xie, Z., Zhang, C., Li, Y., Liu, Q., Shen, M., & Niu, L. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117310 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, S. B., Sliwinski, M. J., Zawadzki, M., Stawski, R. S., Kim, J., Marcusson-Clavertz, D., Lanza, S. T., Conroy, D. E., Buxton, O., Almeida, D. M., & Smyth, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Stacey B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-09-09
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1683-1698
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC6408986
- OpenAlex
- W2891573817
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 12.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Gallup Organization
- Basic Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Opportunity Network
- Leonard and Sylvia Marx Foundation
- Czap Foundation
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL067990, R01 HL109340, R01HL107240)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01HD051217, U01HD051218, U01HD051256, U01HD051276, U01HD059773)
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U01OH008788)
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Science of Behavior Change Common Fund Program (UH2-AG052167)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institute on Aging (CTSA 1UL1TR001073, P01 AG020166, P01 AG03949, R01 AG019239, R01 AG039409, R01 AG042595, U01AG027669)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- within-person variance, negative affect, positive affect, everyday life, ecological momentary assessment, daily diary, reliability statistics, intensive longitudinal data
- MeSH terms
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Humans, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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