The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Coordinated Analysis of Variance in Affect in Daily Life
Open accessAbstract
Despite widespread interest in variance in affect, basic questions remain pertaining to the relative proportions of between-person and within-person variance, the contribution of days and moments, and the reliability of these estimates. We addressed these questions by decomposing negative affect and positive affect variance across three levels (person, day, moment), and calculating reliability using a coordinated analysis of seven daily diary, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), and diary-EMA hybrid studies (across studies age = 18-84 years, total N persons = 2,103, total N observations = 45,065). Across studies, within-person variance was sizeable (negative affect: 45% to 66%, positive affect: 25% to 74%); in EMA more within-person variance was attributable to momentary rather than daily level. Reliability was adequate to high at all levels of analysis (within-person: .73-.91; between-person: .96-1.00) despite different items and designs. We discuss the implications of these results for the design of future intensive studies of affect variance.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We derived these affect items from previous personalized sensing studies [which used the circumplex model of emotion as basis; (69, 70)] and a review of affect measurement in previous EMA studies (71), to increase the comparability with existing literature.”
From Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Russell, J. A. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077714 · Cited by 16,334
The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994) · doi:10.17077/48vt-m4t2 · Cited by 3,790
Russell, J. A., & Barrett, L. F. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805 · Cited by 3,355
The independence of positive and negative affect.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.47.5.1105 · Cited by 2,414
Handbook of research methods for studying daily life
Mehl, M. R., Conner, T. S., & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-1159 · Cited by 2,121 · cited 1×
“As such, there is great need for further psychometric work in ILD measurement, including both secondary analyses and experimental manipulations of design factors (among many other approaches; see, e.g., Mehl & Conner, 2011; Stone, Shiffman, Atienza, & Nebeling, 2007).”
Does positive affect influence health?
Pressman, S. D., & Cohen, S. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.925 · Cited by 2,087 · cited 1×
“…in aging (Carstensen et al., 2011), personality (Eid & Diener, 1999; Kuppens, Van Mechelen, Nezlek, Dossche, & Timmermans, 2007), psychopathology (Ebner-Priemer, Eid, Kleindienst, Stabenow, & Trull, 2009; Gross & Jazaieri, 2014), and physical health symptoms (Pressman & Cohen, 2005; Watson, 1988).”
The independence of positive and negative affect.
Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105 · Cited by 1,766 · cited 2×
“(2002), Mroczek and Kolarz (1998) Watson, Clark, and Tellegan (1988) Diener and Emmons (1984) Russell (1980), Watson and Clark (1999) Diener and Emmons (1984) Watson et al. (1988) Diener and Emmons (1984) Diener and Emmons (1984) Russell (1980), Watson and Clark (1999)”
BackgroundThe effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness.
Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1333 · Cited by 1,623
Baum, A., Revenson, T., & Singer, J. (2001) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410600073 · Cited by 1,256
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–115 of 115
Variances in Smoking Expectancies Predict Moment-to-Moment Smoking Behaviors in Everyday Life
Halliday, D. M., Zawadzki, M. J., & Song, A. V. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-024-10276-4 · Cited by 2
“In line with prior research [30], we used multilevel modeling to determine (1) how expectancies and intention to smoke vary, (2) what between-or within-person factors predict changes in expectancies and intention, and (3) how variable risk perceptions and expectancy domains relate to intention to…”
Pfund, G. N., Springstein, T., & Willroth, E. C. (2024) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/pgv27 · Cited by 1
Jones, D. R., Smyth, J. M., & Graham‐Engeland, J. E. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04864-y
“Another reason to study affect in everyday life is that affect is not a static phenomenon: Rather, affect fluctuates within individuals across moments and days, with 40–60% of the variability occurring at the within-person level (Scott et al., 2018).”
Making a Bad Situation Worse: Race, Poor Health Behaviors, and Daily Family Stressor Reactivity
Cichy, K., Almeida, D. M., & Stawski, R. (2024) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-024-09503-9
“Reliabilities for negative affect were 0.97 at the between-person level and 0.77 at the within-person level (Scott et al., 2020).”
InfluentialJang, H., Hill, N. L., Turner, J. R., Almeida, D. M., Jeong, M., & Mogle, J. A. (2025) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnaf035
“…incident (an individual’s appraisal of the impact of the memory lapses, such as how irritating it was or how much it interfered with the day’s activities; Scott et al., 2020) as well as how this specific forgetting incident impacted other domains (daily affect) of functioning (Scott et al., 2020).”
Zhao, P., Xu, J., Ma, X., & Wang, H. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102090
Zhu, N., Schoedel, R., Sust, L. N. N., Bühner, M., & Terhorst, Y. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.101850
Pyatak, E. A., Schneider, S., Hernandez, R., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Hawkins, M., & Gonzalez, J. S. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-0603
Wirth, M., Voß, A., Radev, S. T., & Rothermund, K. (2026) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-026-03122-w
“…lead to similar increases in recovery of regulation and reactivity parameters, if the subject of investigation is an individual’s average affect fluctuations, the assessment period should include both weekdays and weekends as well as work and non-work times (Ram et al., 2014; Scott et al., 2020).”
Zhu, N., Schoedel, R., Sust, L. N. N., Bühner, M., & Terhorst, Y. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/101850
Pyatak, E. A., Hernandez, R., Gonzalez, J. S., Pham, L. T., Khurana, A., & Schneider, S. (2026) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-026-10483-1
Luo, X., Hu, Y., & Liu, H. (2026) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-026-03171-1
“…integrated findings from different studies to examine the proportion of within-person variance of various state constructs (Podsakoff et al., 2019; Scott et al., 2020) and explore relevant factors (i.e., constructs, measures, designs, and sample characteristics) explaining differences in…”
Affect Dynamics or Response Bias? Extreme Response Style in Daily-Life Assessments
Henninger, M., Menegola, S., Vanhasbroeck, N., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2026) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2026.2721527
Limberger, M. F., Störkel, L. M., Hepp, J., Niedtfeld, I., Reichert, M., Santangelo, P., Hartnagel, L., Berhe, O., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., Tost, H., et al. (2026) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2026.107026
“As Scott et al. (2020), we refer to this coefficient as R WP .”
InfluentialHacker, H., Hartmann, J., Böke, A., Wigman, J. T. W., Pratt, D. N., Mittal, V. A., Allott, K., Baker, J. T., Dwyer, D., Rahimi-Eichi, H., et al. (2026) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/100370
Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, S. B., Sliwinski, M. J., Zawadzki, M., Stawski, R. S., Kim, J., Marcusson-Clavertz, D., Lanza, S. T., Conroy, D. E., Buxton, O., Almeida, D. M., & Smyth, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of California, Merced (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Stacey B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-09-09
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1683-1698
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC6408986
- OpenAlex
- W2891573817
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 12.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Gallup Organization
- Basic Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Opportunity Network
- Leonard and Sylvia Marx Foundation
- Czap Foundation
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL067990, R01 HL109340, R01HL107240)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01HD051217, U01HD051218, U01HD051256, U01HD051276, U01HD059773)
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U01OH008788)
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) Science of Behavior Change Common Fund Program (UH2-AG052167)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institute on Aging (CTSA 1UL1TR001073, P01 AG020166, P01 AG03949, R01 AG019239, R01 AG039409, R01 AG042595, U01AG027669)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- within-person variance, negative affect, positive affect, everyday life, ecological momentary assessment, daily diary, reliability statistics, intensive longitudinal data
- MeSH terms
- Ecological Momentary Assessment, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Humans, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
