Cited by 260Child Welfare and AdoptionStress Responses and CortisolChild Abuse and Trauma

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Foster Children’s Diurnal Production of Cortisol: An Exploratory Study

Dozier, Mary, Manni, Melissa, Gordon, M. Kathleen, Peloso, Elizabeth, Gunnar, Megan R., Stovall-McClough, K. Chase, Eldreth, Diana, Levine, Seymour·2006·Child Maltreatment

DOI 10.1177/1077559505285779

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Abstract

Young children in foster care have often experienced inadequate early care and separations from caregivers. Preclinical studies suggest that early inadequate care and separations are associated with long-term changes in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this study, the daytime pattern of cortisol production was examined among 55 young children who had been placed into foster care and 104 children who had not. Saliva samples were taken at wake-up, in the afternoon, and bedtime for 2 days. Average salivary cortisol values for each time of day were computed. A group (foster vs. comparison) time (morning, afternoon, night) interaction emerged, reflecting less decline in levels across the day for foster than comparison children. Daytime patterns were categorized as typical, low, or high. Children who had been in foster care had higher incidences of atypical patterns of cortisol production than children who had not. These differences suggest that conditions associated with foster care interfere with children’s ability to regulate neuroendocrine functioning.

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“…in the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine system related to stress and regulation of biological and emotional functioning (Dozier et al., 2006; Meinlschmidt & Heim, 2005), internalizing pathology (Heim & Nemeroff, 1999; Heim & Nemeroff, 2001; Vorria, Rutter, Support for…”
Background
The effectiveness of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Preschoolers (MTFC-P) for young children with severe behavioral disturbances: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Jonkman, C., Schuengel, C., Lindeboom, R., Oosterman, M., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-197 · Cited by 12
“Additionally, adverse or inconsistent caregiving tends to cause atypical functioning of children’s biological stress systems, such as changes in the hypothalamic-adrenalpituitary (HPA) axis, represented by abnormal cortisol segregation [12,13], and altered stress regulation activity of the autonomic nervous system (AN…”
Background
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Foster Care Research
Fisher, P. A., Leve, L. D., Delker, B. C., Roos, L. E., & Cooper, B. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy312 · Cited by 10
Meta-analysis of associations between childhood adversity and diurnal cortisol regulation
Perrone, L., Thorpe, D., Panahi, G. S., Kitagawa, Y., Lindhiem, O. J., & Bernard, K. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000561 · Cited by 11
Early Experience and Stress Regulation in Human Development
Gunnar, M. R., & Loman, M. M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975394.005 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
FOSTER PARENTS’ STATE OF MIND WITH RESPECT TO ATTACHMENT: CONCORDANCE WITH THEIR FOSTER CHILDREN'S ATTACHMENT PATTERNS AT 2 AND 3 YEARS OF AGE
Jacobsen, H., Ivarsson, T., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Smith, L., & Moe, V. (2014) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21447 · Cited by 9
“Children with aversive caregiving experiences, which many foster children have experienced before placement, are at risk for multiple adversities such as abnormal neuroendocrine activity (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001a, 2001b; Dozier et al., 2006), behavioural problems (Bernedo, Salas, Garcia-Martin, & Fuentes, 2012), red…”
Background
Early specialized foster care, developmental outcomes and home salivary cortisol patterns in prenatally substance-exposed infants
D’Angiulli, A., & Sullivan, R. (2009) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.10.007 · Cited by 9
The developing relationship between recently placed foster infants and toddlers and their foster carers: Do demographic factors, placement characteristics and biological stress markers matter?
Andel, H. W. H. V., Post, W. J., Jansen, L. M. C., Kamphuis, J. S., van der Gaag, R. J., Knorth, E. J., & Grietens, H. W. E. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.10.003 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, placement in foster care is considered to be a stressful life event (Dozier et al., 2006).”
Background
Homotypic and heterotypic continuity of internalizing and externalizing symptoms from ages 3 to 12: The moderating role of diurnal cortisol
Frost, A., Kessel, E. M., Black, S. R., Goldstein, B. L., Bernard, K., & Klein, D. N. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000573 · Cited by 9
“…factors such as parenting, child maltreatment, socioeconomic status, and maternal depression have been shown to influence diurnal cortisol activity and psychopathology in children (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001; Dozier et al., 2006; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001; LeMoult et al., 2015; Zalewski et al., 2012).”
Background
The Effects of Early Adversity on the Development of Inhibitory Control: Implications for the Design of Preventive Interventions and the Potential Recovery of Function
Fisher, P. A., Bruce, J., Abdullaev, Y. G., Mannering, A. M., & Pears, K. C. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1268-8_12 · Cited by 8
ADOPTION AND FOSTER FAMILY CARE
Miller, L. C. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3370-7.00013-4 · Cited by 8
Neurobiological Correlates of Psychosocial Deprivation in Children: A Systematic Review of Neuroscientific Contributions
Perego, G., Caputi, M., & Ogliari, A. L. (2015) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-015-9340-z · Cited by 8
“However, a substantial reconstitution of the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion generally occurs in these children within several months after improvement in the caregiving environment both in institution and in foster care (Dozier et al. 2006; Fisher et al. 2006; Tarullo and Gunnar 2006).”
Background
Finding Parallels: The Experiences of Clinical Social Workers Providing Attachment-Based Treatment to Children in Foster Care
Shea, S. E. (2014) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-014-0488-z · Cited by 8
Salivary Bioscience and Human Development
Hibel, L. C., Marceau, K., & Buhler‐Wassmann, A. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35784-9_10 · Cited by 8
Fostering Attachment in the Face of Systemic Disruption: Clinical Treatment with Children in Foster Care and the Adoption and Safe Families Act
Miller, S. E. (2011) · Smith College Studies in Social Work · doi:10.1080/00377317.2011.543045 · Cited by 7
“Dozier et al. (2006) have studied the cortisol levels of 55 children in foster care and 104 children who were not in foster care.”
Background
Theory of mind and hair cortisol in healthy young adults: the moderating effects of childhood trauma
Lee, S., Park, J. T., Bang, M., An, S. K., Namkoong, K., Park, H. Y., & Lee, E. M. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2022.2116826 · Cited by 8
“Some studies have suggested that early adversity leads to high diurnal salivary cortisol levels (Dozier et al., 2006) and elevated salivary cortisol reactivity (Harkness et al., 2011) while others have shown opposite findings (Alink et al., 2012; Ouellet-Morin et al., 2011).”
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Stress Reactivity in Child Development Research
Obradović, J., & Boyce, W. T. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139016827.036 · Cited by 8
Allostatic Load and Child Maltreatment in Infancy
Katz, D. A., Sprang, G., & Cooke, C. (2011) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650111399121 · Cited by 6
Context, cortisol, and executive functions among children experiencing homelessness.
Cutuli, J. J. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 6
Investigating Cortisol in a STEM Classroom: The Association Between Cortisol and Academic Performance
Park, H. J., Turetsky, K. M., Dahl, J. L., Pasek, M. H., Germano, A. L., Harper, J. O., Greenaway, V. P., Cohen, G. L., & Cook, J. (2023) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672231188277 · Cited by 6
“Another two were excluded because their average cortisol levels were more than three standard deviations ( SD s) above the mean (Dozier et al., 2006).”
Combined analysis of multiple linear regression and principal components for predicting performance indicators in broiler chickens under commercial conditions
de Freitas, R. C., Calderano, A. A., de Oliveira, C. H., Neto, M. G., & Genova, J. L. (2025) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2025.105728 · Cited by 5
“This contrasts with other studies (Gholami et al., 2020; Dozier et al., 2006), which reported that higher stocking densities reduced broiler performance due to the absence of strict climate control, resulting in heat stress and competition for resources.”
Public Child Welfare Adoption: The adoptive parent and adolescent adoptee perception of adoption outcomes
Wood, Z. B. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 5
Salivary cortisol levels relate to cognitive performance in children prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine
Konijnenberg, C., & Melinder, A. M. D. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21921 · Cited by 5
Latino Youth Substance Use in States with Emerging Immigrant Communities
Martínez, C. R., McClure, H. H., & Eddy, J. M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7491-8_15 · Cited by 5
The Developmental Psychopathology of Depression
McLaughlin, K. A., Michl-Petzing, L. C., & Herts, K. L. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118316153.ch5 · Cited by 6
The Impact of Trauma on Parents and Infants
Osofsky, J. D., Osofsky, H. J., & Bocknek, E. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470660683.ch22 · Cited by 5
L’impact des relations précoces sur le développement cérébral : le trouble réactionnel de l’attachement vu par les neurosciences
Neuville, V., Puentes‐Neuman, G., & Terradas, M. M. (2017) · La psychiatrie de l enfant · doi:10.3917/psye.602.0417 · Cited by 4
Associations between adverse childhood experiences and overweight, obese, smoking and binge drinking among adult patients with depression in China
Wang, L., Zou, H., Liu, J., & Hong, J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03798-1 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, medical institutions, schools, communities and other institutions rhythm changes (Grillault Laroche et al., 2021), with the initial peak cortisol levels remaining abnormally elevated throughout the day after waking (Dozier et al., 2006).”
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Good Investments: Foster Parent Representations of Their Foster Children
Ackerman, J. P., & Dozier, M. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499869.011 · Cited by 4
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Overview of Intervention Programs for Parents of Young Children (0 - 6)
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Development and Social Regulation of Stress Neurobiology in Human Development
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The Experiences and Effects of Toxic Stress on Young African American Children
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Reliability of salivary cortisol levels in toddlers
Wesarg, C., van den Akker, A. L., Hoeve, M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Oei, N. Y. L. (2021) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2021.1926230 · Cited by 3
“We further found that samples taken shortly before bedtime showed a good reliability, which accords with previous reports on higher correlations between bedtime compared to wake-up cortisol levels in children (Dozier et al., 2006; Michels et al., 2012).”
A Preliminary Exploration of Children's Physiological Arousal Levels in Regular Preschool Settings
Sajaniemi, N. K., Suhonen, E., & Sims, M. (2011) · Australasian Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1177/183693911103600312 · Cited by 3
“There has been a growing interest in children’s stress responses to cognitive and emotional challenges (Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004; Dozier et al., 2006; Kestler & Lewis, 2008; Steptoe , van Jaarsveld, Semmier, Plomin, & Wardle, 2009).”
Background
Utviklingspsykologisk kunnskap er relevant for hvordan omsorgsplasseringer gjennomføres
Baugerud, G. A., & Augusti, E. (2016) · Tidsskriftet Norges barnevern · doi:10.18261/issn.1891-1838-2016-03-04-12 · Cited by 3

Authors: Dozier, M., Manni, M., Gordon, M. K., Peloso, E., Gunnar, M. R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Eldreth, D., & Levine, S.
Affiliations: University of Delaware (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
New York University (US)
University of California, Davis (US)
ORCID: Dozier, Mary
Gunnar, Megan R.
Venue: Child Maltreatment
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2006-05
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Pages: 189-197
ISSN: 1077-5595 (ISSN-L)
1552-6119
DOI: 10.1177/1077559505285779
OpenAlex: W2147707240
Cited by: 259
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 39.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Child Maltreatment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: foster care, cortisol, diurnal cortisol rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, early malnutrition, neuroendocrine regulation, foster children, salivary cortisol
MeSH terms: Child Development, Child, Preschool, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Caregivers

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Foster Children’s Diurnal Production of Cortisol: An Exploratory Study

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