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Foster Children’s Diurnal Production of Cortisol: An Exploratory Study
Abstract
Young children in foster care have often experienced inadequate early care and separations from caregivers. Preclinical studies suggest that early inadequate care and separations are associated with long-term changes in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this study, the daytime pattern of cortisol production was examined among 55 young children who had been placed into foster care and 104 children who had not. Saliva samples were taken at wake-up, in the afternoon, and bedtime for 2 days. Average salivary cortisol values for each time of day were computed. A group (foster vs. comparison) time (morning, afternoon, night) interaction emerged, reflecting less decline in levels across the day for foster than comparison children. Daytime patterns were categorized as typical, low, or high. Children who had been in foster care had higher incidences of atypical patterns of cortisol production than children who had not. These differences suggest that conditions associated with foster care interfere with children’s ability to regulate neuroendocrine functioning.
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“In other words, no association between externalizing and cortisol patterns among maltreated youth has been identified (Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2001;Dozier et al, 2006).”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Dozier et al, 2006
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“For example, a study involving infants in foster care revealed low early morning cortisol levels in these children relative to non-maltreated infants from families of similar socioeconomic standing (Dozier et al., 2006).”
Self-citationTyrka, A. R., Price, L. H., Marsit, C., Walters, O. C., & Carpenter, L. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030148 · Cited by 486
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Self-citationMorning cortisol Levels in preschool‐aged foster children: Differential effects of maltreatment type
Bruce, J., Fisher, P. A., Pears, K. C., & Levine, S. (2008) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20333 · Cited by 358
Self-citationEffects of a therapeutic intervention for foster preschoolers on diurnal cortisol activity
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McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00048 · Cited by 329
Early-life stress is associated with impairment in cognitive control in adolescence: An fMRI study
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Self-citationFisher, P. A., Gunnar, M. R., Dozier, M., Bruce, J., & Pears, K. C. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1376.023 · Cited by 310
Self-citationMeasurement and meaning of salivary cortisol: A focus on health and disease in children
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“Children aged 20–60 months undergoing fostering exhibited a flatter diurnal cortisol slope from morning to evening, with lower morning levels (Dozier et al. 2006).”
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“Studies of adverse early experiences suggest similar effects among human children (e.g., Cicchetti, 2002; Cicchetti, Rogosch, Gunnar, & Toth, 2010; Dozier et al., 2006; Ladd et al., 2000).”
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“Initial results demonstrated normalization in diurnal cortisol levels in 93 foster children between the ages of 3 months and 3 years (Dozier et al., 2006a; Dozier, Peloso, Lewis, Laurenceau, & Levine, 2008).”
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“Dozier et al. (2006) found that approximately 40% of their sample of foster preschoolers exhibited extremely low early morning cortisol levels, while about 20% exhibited markedly high levels relative to children living in non-maltreating families.”
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“First, the neuroendocrine stress response system, specifically the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, has been shown to differ between foster and nonfoster children (Dozier et al., 2006; Fisher & Stoolmiller, 2008).”
BackgroundDeviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology
Humphreys, K. L., & Zeanah, C. H. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.165 · Cited by 231
“In other words, no association between externalizing and cortisol patterns among maltreated youth has been identified (Cicchetti and Rogosch, 2001; Dozier et al , 2006).”
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Ouellet-Morin, I., Wong, C. C. Y., Danese, A., Pariante, C. M., Papadopoulos, A. S., Mill, J., & Arseneault, L. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002784 · Cited by 207
“In addition to lower diurnal cortisol secretion (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001 ; Dozier et al. 2006 ; Bruce et al. 2009), accumulating research also indicates lower reactivity in relation to childhood adversity (Carpenter et al. 2007 ; Elzinga et al. 2008; Tyrka et al. 2008).”
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Maheu, F. S., Dozier, M., Guyer, A. E., Mandell, D. S., Peloso, E. D., Poeth, K., Jenness, J. L., Lau, J. Y. F., Ackerman, J. P., Pine, D. S., et al. (2010) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.34 · Cited by 223
“…history of caregiver deprivation—for example, youths who were separated from their primary caregivers and placed in foster care or orphanages (e.g., Dozier et al., 2006; Rutter & the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team, 1998; Rutter, O’Connor, & the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team,…”
InfluentialSelf-citationLewis, E. E., Dozier, M., Ackerman, J., & Sepulveda-Kozakowski, S. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1415 · Cited by 206
Self-citationInstitutional Care for Young Children: Review of Literature and Policy Implications
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Self-citationNeuroendocrine dysregulation following early social deprivation in children
Fries, A. B. W., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Pollak, S. D. (2008) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20319 · Cited by 192
Bernard, K., Dozier, M., Bick, J., & Gordon, M. K. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941400073x · Cited by 189
Self-citationBernard, K., Hostinar, C. E., & Dozier, M. (2014) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2369 · Cited by 198
Self-citationMaltreatment and diurnal cortisol regulation: a meta-analysis
Bernard, K., Frost, A., Bennett, C. B., & Lindhiem, O. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.005 · Cited by 180
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Wilson, K. R., Hansen, D. J., & Li, M. (2011) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.12.007 · Cited by 175
“Dozier et al. (2006) sampled 55 foster children (ages 20–60 months) who had experienced a variety of types of maltreatment, but who were all arguably stressed by frequent placement changes within the foster care system, and found higher morning and lower evening cortisol than 104 “comparison…”
BackgroundBick, J., & Dozier, M. (2013) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21373 · Cited by 175
Self-citationThe association between adversity and hair cortisol levels in humans: A meta-analysis
Khoury, J. E., Bosquet Enlow, M., Plamondon, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.009 · Cited by 170
Bernard, K., & Dozier, M. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020660 · Cited by 167
“Atypical diurnal patterns are associated with a number of adverse early experiences, such as foster care and institutional care (Carlson & Earls, 1997; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001; Dozier et al., 2006), as well as psychopathology later on (Charney, 2004; Young, Carlson, & Brown, 2001).”
Self-citationHow Early Experience Shapes Human Development: The Case of Psychosocial Deprivation
Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Fox, N. A. (2019) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2019/1676285 · Cited by 211
Kuhlman, K. R., Horn, S. R., Chiang, J. J., & Bower, J. E. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.028 · Cited by 163
“Random-effects models assume a distribution of effect sizes across studies and produce wider confidence intervals compared to the fixed-model approach (Egger et al., 1997; Hedges and Vevea, 1998).”
ResultOxytocin, cortisol, and triadic family interactions
Gordon, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., & Feldman, R. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.08.008 · Cited by 158
Variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity among bullied and non-bullied children
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“foster parents) have been compared with children with no known risk factors.(3-5) To our knowledge, no study has contrasted HPA functioning of children living with birth parents vs HPA functioning of children living with foster parents following involvement of CPS.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCOMPAS, B. E. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1376.024 · Cited by 154
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“Children who received the ABC intervention also showed more normative cortisol production than those who received the control intervention (Dozier, Bernard, Bick, & Gordon, 2012; Dozier et al., 2006; Dozier, Peloso, Lewis, Laurenceau, & Levine, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAssociation Between Neighborhood Violence and Biological Stress in Children
Theall, K. P., Shirtcliff, E. A., Dismukes, A. R., Wallace, M. E., & Drury, S. S. (2016) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2321 · Cited by 147
Autonomic reactivity in relation to attachment and early adversity among foster children
Oosterman, M., de Schipper, J. C., Fisher, P. A., Dozier, M., & Schuengel, C. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990290 · Cited by 167
“Research on preschool age foster children (Dozier et al., 2006; Fisher, Gunnar, Chamberlain, & Reid, 2000; Gunnar et al., 2006) as well as a study on postinstitutionalized infants and toddlers (Bruce, Kroupina, Parker, & Gunnar, 2000), found disruptions to the daily cycle of HPA axis activity,…”
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“side the laboratory context by examining how various environmental contexts relate to changes in HPAA diurnal rhythm (Cicchetti, Rogosch, Gunnar, & Toth, 2010; Dozier et al., 2006), or how emotional states predict momentary and daily changes in HPAA activity (Doane & Adam, 2010).”
BackgroundBick, J., Naumova, O., Hunter, S., Barbot, B., Lee, M., Luthar, S. S., Raefski, A., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000806 · Cited by 140
“, 1994; Gunnar & Donzella, 2002; Heim, Newport, Mletzko, Miller, & Nemeroff, 2008), child abuse and neglect (Cicchetti, Rogosch, Gunnar, & Toth, 2010; Cicchetti, Rogosch, & Oshri, 2011; van der Vegt, van der Ende, Kirschbaum, Verhulst, & Tiemeier, 2009), severe institutional deprivation (WismerFries, Shirtcliff, & Pol…”
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“Similar profiles have been found in children in foster care, with 38% of foster children showing patterns of low cortisol production and 18% exhibiting high patterns compared to children who were never in foster care (Dozier et al., 2006).”
Asok, A., Bernard, K., Roth, T. L., Rosen, J. B., & Dozier, M. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000011 · Cited by 128
“Although this blunted diurnal pattern has been observed in foster children and previously institutionalized children (Bruce, Fisher, Pears, & Levine, 2009; Bruce, Kroupina, Parker, & Gunnar, 2000; Carlson & Earls, 1997; Dozier et al., 2006; Fisher, Gunnar, Dozier, Bruce, & Pears, 2006), it is especially evident in mal…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMitigating HPA axis dysregulation associated with placement changes in foster care
Fisher, P. A., Ryzin, M. J. V., & Gunnar, M. R. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.08.007 · Cited by 131
“Dozier et al. (2006, 2008) developed the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up intervention for foster and adopted infants and toddlers.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThis Is My Child: Differences Among Foster Parents in Commitment to Their Young Children
Dozier, M., & Lindhiem, O. J. (2006) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559506291263 · Cited by 129
“Furthermore, behavioral dysregulation is seen in a host of domains, including the child’s difficulty in seeking comfort directly from the caregiver (StovallMcClough & Dozier, 2004) and in the child’s having inadequate behavioral control (Dozier et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRelational interventions for child maltreatment: Past, present and future perspectives
Toth, S. L., Gravener-Davis, J. A., Guild, D. J., & Cicchetti, D. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000795 · Cited by 124
“, 1999), while others show blunting of diurnal cortisol rhythms (Cicchetti, Rogosch, Gunnar, & Toth, 2010; Dozier et al., 2006; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001).”
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Childhood maltreatment and methylation of FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5)
Tyrka, A. R., Ridout, K. K., Parade, S. H., Paquette, A., Marsit, C. J., & Seifer, R. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000991 · Cited by 118
“…in HPA axis function, with exaggerated or attenuated basal cortisol and stress-induced cortisol concentrations (Carpenter et al., 2007, 2009; Dozier et al., 2006; Elzinga et al., 2008; Gonzalez, 2013; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001; Heim, Newport, Bonsall, Miller, & Nemeroff, 2001; Heim, Newport,…”
BackgroundThe impact of childhood maltreatment on biological systems: Implications for clinical interventions
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Self-citationIV. Growth failure in institutionalized children
Johnson, D. E., & Gunnar, M. R. (2011) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00629.x · Cited by 110
“This suppressed, atypical diurnal patterns of cortisol production with lower cortisol levels in the morning compared with controls has been described in additional groups of children living in or recently adopted from institutional care in Russia and China (Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006) as well as foster care in the United…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSaridjan, N. S., Huizink, A. C., Koetsier, J. A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Mackenbach, J. P., Albert Hofman, D., Kirschbaum, C., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.12.001 · Cited by 108
“Dozier et al. (2006) found both patterns of low and high cortisol production in foster children aged 20 to 60months, compared with children who were never in foster care.”
Allostasis model facilitates understanding race differences in the diurnal cortisol rhythm
Skinner, M. L., Shirtcliff, E. A., Haggerty, K. P., Coe, C. L., & Catalano, R. F. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941100054x · Cited by 107
“Implications for intervention and prevention efforts Little research has been conducted on the impact of psychosocial intervention on HPA regulation (Dozier et al., 2006; Fisher, Gunnar, Chamberlain, & Reid, 2000; Fisher, Stoolmiller, Gunnar, & Burraston, 2007; Fisher, Van Ryzin, & Gunnar, 2011;…”
BackgroundWhite, L. O., Ising, M., von Klitzing, K., Sierau, S., Michel, A., Klein, A. M., Andreas, A., Keil, J., Quintero, L., Müller‐Myhsok, B., et al. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12700 · Cited by 112
“Indeed, subtype analyses confirmed that HCC reduction was especially pronounced among neglected relative to other maltreated subjects, which converges with prior child and adult data (e.g. Dozier et al., 2006; Quevedo et al., 2012; van der Vegt et al., 2009).”
Lind, T., Bernard, K., Ross, E. K., & Dozier, M. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.04.004 · Cited by 101
Self-citationChildren’s Cortisol and the Quality of Teacher–Child Relationships in Child Care
Lisonbee, J. A., Mize, J., Payne, A. L., & Granger, D. A. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01228.x · Cited by 96
“Other research has examined differences between extreme groups defined by ‘‘natural experiments,’’ such as child maltreatment and neglect (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001) and adoption and foster parenting (Dozier et al., 2006; Gunnar, Morison, Chisholm, & Schuder, 2001).”
BackgroundReview: Adoption, fostering, and the needs of looked‐after and adopted children
Fisher, P. A. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12084 · Cited by 109
“This finding is robust, having been observed in another sample of foster children (Dozier et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultVanTieghem, M., Korom, M., Flannery, J., Choy, T., Caldera, C., Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E. H., et al. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100916 · Cited by 88
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“Disrupted basal and diurnal (expected highs and lows over 24 hours) cortisol rhythms may impact other self-regulating systems in the brain that controls emotion for example (Dozier et al., 2006; Fisher, Gunnar, Dozier, Bruce, & Pears, 2006; Schuengel, Oosterman, & Sterkenburg, 2009).”
BackgroundBush, N. R., Obradović, J., Adler, N. E., & Boyce, W. T. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000514 · Cited by 76
“, 2000), but is counter to the findings of hypocortisolism in response to stressors found in more extreme samples (Carlson & Earls, 1997; Dozier et al., 2006; Gunnar & Vazquez, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLeMoult, J., Ordaz, S. J., Kircanski, K., Singh, M. K., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000087 · Cited by 72
Relationships, Regulation, and Early Development
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Blunted Diurnal Cortisol Activity in Healthy Adults with Childhood Adversity
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Early Adverse Care, Stress Neurobiology, and Prevention Science: Lessons Learned
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“…and Rogosch 2001), whereas reduced diurnal cortisol levels have been seen among rhesus monkeys exposed to repeated maternal separations, maltreated children in foster care, and children raised in institutions (Bruce et al. 2009; Carlson and Earls 1997; Dozier et al. 2006; Sánchez et al. 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDozier, M., Roben, C. K. P., Caron, E., Hoye, J. R., & Bernard, K. (2016) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1229873 · Cited by 82
“ABC intervention parents reported levels of problem behaviors that were not significantly differ from levels reported by parents in the control intervention group (Dozier, Peloso, et al., 2006).”
Self-citationCohodes, E. M., Kribakaran, S., Odriozola, P., Bakirci, S., McCauley, S., Hodges, H. R., Sisk, L. M., Zacharek, S. J., & Gee, D. G. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22158 · Cited by 85
“In addition, numerous studies have also documented differing diurnal patterns of cortisol production among children separated from their parents in the foster care system, relative to controls (e.g., Dozier et al., 2006; Fisher et al., 2000; Gunnar & Fisher, 2006).”
BackgroundRees, C. (2009) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2008.143156 · Cited by 67
Harden, B. J., Buhler‐Wassmann, A. C., & Parra, L. J. (2016) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838016658878 · Cited by 75
Fisher, P. A., Kim, H. K., Bruce, J., & Pears, K. C. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025411406863 · Cited by 65
Crockett, E. E., Holmes, B., Granger, D. A., & Lyons‐Ruth, K. (2013) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12015 · Cited by 63
“Finally, lower waking cortisol levels, as well as flattened diurnal cortisol slopes, have been repeatedly associated with severe neglect in early childhood (Bruce, Fisher, Pears, & Levine, 2009; Dozier et al., 2006).”
BackgroundOuellet‐Morin, I., Dionne, G., Pérusse, D., LUPIEN, S. J., Arseneault, L., Barr, R. G., Tremblay, R. E., & Boivin, M. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.003 · Cited by 57
Engert, V., Efanov, S. I., Dedovic, K., Dagher, A., & Pruessner, J. C. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1918-4 · Cited by 58
“This is not surprising given that findings of diurnal cortisol secretion as a function of early life experiences have been inconsistent to date (Dozier et al. 2006; Ellenbogen and Hodgins 2009; Gonzalez et al. 2009; Meinlschmidt and Heim 2005; Nicolson 2004; Tarullo and Gunnar 2006).”
Cortisol function among early school-aged homeless children
Cutuli, J. J., Wiik, K. L., Herbers, J. E., Gunnar, M. R., & Masten, A. S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.11.008 · Cited by 58
“forms of deprivation and neglect (Gunnar, 2000; Gunnar & Vasquez, 2001; Fisher et al., 2005; Dozier et al., 2006; Fisher et al., 2006; Bruce et al., 2009), young children of mothers with high levels of depression symptoms living in extreme urban poverty in the third world (Fernald et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFagundes, C. P., Glaser, R., Johnson, S. L., Andridge, R., Yang, E. V., Gregorio, M. P. D., Chen, M., Lambert, D. R., Jewell, S. D., Bechtel, M. A., et al. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1535 · Cited by 52
“5) Range 8-31 Messenger RNA Levels CD25 Median (IQR) 38 (12-103) Range 2.”
BackgroundKeiver, K., Bertram, C. P., Orr, A. P., & Clarren, S. K. (2014) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.11.004 · Cited by 52
“Early life adversity can affect basal cortisol levels, with different types of adversity resulting in effects on the morning peak or evening trough of the diurnal rhythm, or the CAR (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001; Dozier et al., 2006; Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006).”
BackgroundPsychosocial adjustment and physical health in children of divorce
Nunes-Costa, R. A., Lamela, D. J. P. D. V., & Figueiredo, B. (2009) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.2223/jped.1925 · Cited by 48
Program Components of Psychosocial Interventions in Foster and Kinship Care: A Systematic Review
Kemmis-Riggs, J., Dickes, A., & McAloon, J. (2017) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-017-0247-0 · Cited by 54
McLaughlin, A., Espie, C., & Minnis, H. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2009.00549.x · Cited by 44
“For example, Dozier et al. (2006) have recently demonstrated abnormalities of the hypothalamic pituitary axis in young children who have been maltreatedandthisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch.”
Lang, K., Bovenschen, I., Gabler, S., Zimmermann, J., Nowacki, K., Kliewer, J., & Spangler, G. (2016) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.019 · Cited by 41
Childhood social inequalities influences neural processes in young adult caregiving
Kim, P., Ho, S. S., Evans, G. W., Liberzon, I., & Swain, J. E. (2015) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21325 · Cited by 44
Garnett, M. L., Bernard, K., Hoye, J. R., Zajac, L. A., & Dozier, M. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104809 · Cited by 54
Self-citationBrett, Z. H., Humphreys, K. L., Fleming, A. S., Kraemer, G. W., & Drury, S. S. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000036 · Cited by 43
Neuro-, Cardio-, and Immunoplasticity: Effects of Early Adversity
Pakulak, E., Stevens, C., & Neville, H. (2018) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044115 · Cited by 37
Maternal depression and infant daytime cortisol
Azak, S., Murison, R. C. C., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Smith, L., & Gunnar, M. R. (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21033 · Cited by 34
Self-citationIntervention Effects on Morning and Stimulated Cortisol Responses among Toddlers in Foster Care
Nelson, E. M. M., & Spieker, S. J. (2013) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21382 · Cited by 37
“For children who enter state dependency as infants, a dysregulated stress response is all too common (Dozier et al., 2006; Fisher, Gunnar, Dozier, Bruce, & Pears, 2006; Tarullo & Gunnar, 2006).”
Kroupina, M., Fuglestad, A. J., Iverson, S. L., Himes, J. H., Mason, P. W., Gunnar, M. R., Miller, B. S., Petryk, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2012) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.07.011 · Cited by 37
Self-citationLaurent, H. K., Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Fisher, P. A., Marceau, K., Harold, G. T., & Reiss, D. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01859.x · Cited by 34
“Findings for morning cortisol have been less consistent, with lower, higher, and nonsignificantly different levels in high- versus low-risk samples reported (e.g., Bergh & Calster, 2009; Dozier et al., 2006; Engert et al., 2011).”
ResultDekel, S., Ein‐Dor, T., Rosen, J. B., & Bonanno, G. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00797 · Cited by 35
“…at T1 was collected 2 min before and after the 30-min interview using Salivette collection devices (Sarstedt, Newton, NC) and stored at −20◦C. Salivary cortisol was analyzed by a high-sensitivity cortisol enzyme immunoassay (Salimetrics, State College, PA) as described in Dozier et al. (2006).”
MethodJaffee, S. R., & Christian, C. W. (2014) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/j.2379-3988.2014.tb00078.x · Cited by 38
“Children in foster care typically have lower morning cortisol levels and a flatter cortisol slope (Dozier et al., 2006; Fisher, Stoolmiller, Gunnar, & Burraston, 2007), although interventions to promote sensitive caregiving in a foster care context have been shown to normalize diurnal variation in…”
BackgroundOke, N. J., Rostill-Brookes, H., & Larkin, M. (2011) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104511426398 · Cited by 32
Jonkman, C., Schuengel, C., Oosterman, M., Lindeboom, R., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0661-4 · Cited by 37
Doom, J. R., Peckins, M. K., Hein, T. C., Dotterer, H. L., Mitchell, C., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., McLanahan, S., Hyde, L. W., Abelson, J. L., et al. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000954 · Cited by 35
“Due to previous research on postinstitutionalized and foster care youth experiencing neglect, we predicted that higher cumulative parental disengagement from 1–15 would be associated with lower hair cortisol concentration at age 15 (Dozier et al., 2006; Koss et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMarceau, K., Laurent, H. K., Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., Fisher, P. A., & Leve, L. D. (2014) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-014-9689-z · Cited by 39
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript McCarthy et al., 2009), consistent with other at-risk samples, including other adoption designs and children in foster care (e.g., Dozier et al., 2006; Gunnar and Donzella, 2002).”
Chodura, S., Lohaus, A., Symanzik, T., Heinrichs, N., & Konrad, K. (2021) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-020-00336-y · Cited by 41
“In addition, alterations in neuroendocrine stress-response functioning (Dozier et al. 2006; Fisher and Stoolmiller 2008) increase the risk of executive functioning deficits (Pears et al.”
BackgroundZhang, B. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.002 · Cited by 32
“Additionally, EARE exposed children also showed higher incidences of atypical diurnal rhythmicity patterns, such as a peaking in the afternoon or evening (Cicchetti et al., 2010; Dozier et al., 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dozier, M., Manni, M., Gordon, M. K., Peloso, E., Gunnar, M. R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Eldreth, D., & Levine, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Delaware (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- New York University (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Child Maltreatment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-197
- ISSN
- 1077-5595 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-6119
- OpenAlex
- W2147707240
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 39.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Maltreatment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- foster care, cortisol, diurnal cortisol rhythm, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, early malnutrition, neuroendocrine regulation, foster children, salivary cortisol
- MeSH terms
- Child Development, Child, Preschool, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Foster Home Care, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Caregivers
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