Moderatism or polarization? Representation of advocacy groups’ ideology in newspapers

“The growth of partisan polarization in Congress (McCarty et al., 2006), people’s reaction to it (Wagner, 2007a), and the increasing diversity of the information environment (Bennett & Iyengar, 2008) have animated our examination of moderatism in news coverage (McCluskey & Kim, 2012).”

“Nevertheless, journalists in general adhere to well-established professional norms, but those norms can have a polarizing effect (McCluskey and Kim, 2012).”

“The fixation on metrics has also led news organizations and other actors to stimulate “polarized over moderate views” (McCluskey & Kim, 2012, p. 566).”

“media historically reflected moderate viewpoints, but as viewpoints in society become more polarizing, so do media representations (McLuskey and Kim, 2012).”

“The regime of objectivity legitimizes established power hierarchies and the status quo, creating misleading representations of reality that can have polarizing effects (McCluskey & Kim, 2012).”

“…the face of the current onslaught of disinformation, which spreads at alarming speed [28], fact checking platforms, aware of the significant risks this poses to democracies— including increasing polarisation [29]—have begun to take action against the viral proliferation of hoaxes and fake news [30].”

“Moderasi mengajarkan pemahaman yang tidak esktreem, jalan tengah, tidak fanatik, dan berpikir dan bertindak yang wajar (McCluskey & Kim, 2012; Subaidi, 2020).”

“The news media highlight polarized views, while ignoring more moderate perspectives, because political conflict gets better ratings than agreement and cooperation (Fiorina et al., 2006; McCluskey & Kim, 2012).”

“As McCluskey (2017; McCluskey and Kim 2012) has suggested, when news coverage favors one valence or another on a news issue, this could suggest to audiences there is no “middle ground” for an issue like gun control — potentially leading to further polarization in political beliefs.”

“While the efforts by ENGOs to influence the news agenda have received attention from scholars (e.g., McCluskey and Kim, 2012), ENGOs as producers of environmental journalism themselves have been overlooked.”

“…give the appearance of objectivity6; as such, concerning issues that have historically been divided into two very divergent camps such as the Arab–Israeli conflict, “journalistic balance within stories is not only normative, but perhaps pragmatic to avoid criticism” (McCluskey & Kim, 2012, p. 577).”

“U.S. news content has long been criticized to possess a liberal perspective (Castilla et al., 2014; Chinn et al., 2020; Gentzkow & Shapiro, 2006; Hart et al., 2020; McCluskey & Kim, 2012).”

“McCluskey and Kim (2012) examined the coverage of 208 political action groups in 118 newspapers in the United States.”

“This arises from the increase in radicalism and terrorism-related to religion, especially Islam (Abdillah, 2017), which certainly poses a major threat to countries in the world, including Indonesia (Kusuma et al., 2019); (McCluskey & Kim, 2012).”

“More ideologically extreme advocacy groups (McCluskey and Kim, 2012) and members of Congress (Padgett et al., 2019; Wagner and Gruszczynski, 2018) get more media coverage than their moderate counterparts, and the expansion of ideologically extreme news outlets has polarized voters and policymakers…”

“γ < −Π(m− z, L|m+ z,H) Π(m− z, L|m+ z, L) , (17)”

“Several studies have noted a growing polarisation regarding climate change in media (see e.g., Bolsen & Shapiro 2018; cf. McCluskey & Kim, 2012), a polarisation that is often ideologically anchored.”

“Among other things, it is repeatedly accused of deepening social divides through super fi cial and sensationalist reporting (McCluskey and Kim, 2012).”

“…of political ideologies in order to determine ideological tensions amongst and within newspapers, but at the same time avoids the problems and limitations of using traditional political ideologies or one-dimensional scales like the American liberal-conservative axis (McCluskey & Kim, 2012, 570).”