The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Motivation-Facilitation Model of Sexual Offending
Abstract
In this article, I describe the motivation-facilitation model of sexual offending, which identifies the traits of paraphilia, high sex drive, and intense mating effort as primary motivations for sexual offenses, as well as trait (e.g., antisocial personality) and state (e.g., intoxication) factors that can facilitate acting on these motivations when opportunities exist. Originally developed to explain contact sexual offending against children, the motivation-facilitation model was subsequently extended as an explanation for child pornography offending and for online solicitations of young adolescents. Here, I argue it has the potential to be expanded to explain other forms of sexual offending, including sexual assaults of adults and noncontact offenses involving exhibitionism or voyeurism. In this review, I critically examine the evidence for and against the model, discuss its limitations, and identify critical gaps for future research.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the MFM, offense patterns are shaped by facilitators, such as self-regulation problems and alcohol use, and situational factors, such as access to victims, and absence of supervision.”
From AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm? (2026) · cites this paper as Seto 2019
In the citing paper
“Seto's MotivationFacilitation Model (MFM) provides a well-established structure for understanding pathways to sexual offending, particularly differentiating between the motivational factors that drive an individual's interest in CSAM and the facilitation and situational factors that enable offending behavior (Seto 2019).”
From AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm? (2026) · cites this paper as Seto 2019
In the citing paper
“Consistent with the MFM (Seto 2019), AI CSAM risks enhancing existing or opening new pathways into offending, either by facilitating the escalation of pornography consumption toward more extreme material or by reducing protective barriers that would otherwise prevent engagement with CSAM by people with a longstanding sexual interest in children.”
From AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm? (2026) · cites this paper as Seto 2019
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990) · doi:10.1515/9781503621794 · Cited by 10,127
Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
Hobbs, D. F., & Brownmiller, S. (1978) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582736 · Cited by 2,747
Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies.
Hanson, R. K., & Bussière, M. T. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.66.2.348 · Cited by 2,375
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision
(2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199669493.005.0005 · Cited by 2,069
Child Sexual Abuse: New Theory and Research
(1985) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.281_10.x · Cited by 1,884
The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: a meta-analysis of recidivism studies
Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.6.1154 · Cited by 1,795
The Victimization of Children and Youth: A Comprehensive, National Survey
David Finkelhor, B., Ormrod, R. K., Turner, H. A., & Hamby, S. L. (2004) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559504271287 · Cited by 1,411
Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity.
Simpson, J. A., & Gangestad, S. W. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.870 · Cited by 1,401
Hypersexual disorder: A proposed diagnosis for DSM-V
Kafka, M. P. (2010) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9574-7 · Cited by 1,095
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Clarke R. V. G., Felson M. (Eds.). (1993). Advances in Criminology: Vol. 5. Routine activity and rational choice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
- 10.1023/A:1009562312658 · DOI
- Hanson R. K., Harris A. J. R., Scott T. L., Helmus L. (2007). Assessing the risk of sexual offenders on community supervision: The Dynamic Supervision Project (Research report, Vol. 5(6)). Ottawa, Ontario: Public Safety Canada.
- Hare R. D. (2003). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
- 10.1023/A:1009536200242 · DOI
- Stephens S. M. (2015). Hebephilic sexual interests among sexual offenders. Doctoral dissertation, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 340
Tutty, L. M. (2021) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195389678-0303 · Cited by 2
Maimone, S., Haubrock, L. S., Joleby, M., Seto, M. C., Hillert, J., Dekker, A., Letourneau, E. J., Carvalho, J., Azevedo, V. C., Andersson, G., et al. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.90249 · Cited by 2
Self-citationLievesley, R., & Harper, C. A. (2026) · Psychology & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2026.2619511 · Cited by 1
Examining Risk for Sexual Assault Among Bisexuals
Ménard, K. S., Teasdale, B., Bradley, M. S., & Outlaw, M. C. (2023) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287231189725 · Cited by 1
“The updated motivation-facilitation model of sex offending, which was influenced by target congruency theory, may be helpful in capturing offenders’ motivations, and informing future research, assessment, and intervention (Seto, 2019).”
Abracen, J., Picheca, J. E., Looman, J., Stirpe, T., & Harkins, L. (2023) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/00938548231186164 · Cited by 1
Yoon, D., Rücknagel, S., Kilic, S., & Wunsch, L. V. (2024) · Praxis der Rechtspsychologie · doi:10.1026/0939-9062/a000002 · Cited by 1
Frith, S., & Hocken, K. (2025) · Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/jfp-08-2024-0049 · Cited by 1
Seto, M. C., Roche, K. M., Coleman, J., Findlater, D., & Letourneau, E. J. (2025) · Sexual Offending Theory Research and Prevention · doi:10.5964/sotrap.14301 · Cited by 1
“This is well-estab lished in the sexual offending research literature, where sexual attraction to children is an important (though not exclusive) explanation for sexual offending against children among identified perpetrators (see Seto, 2018, 2019).”
Self-citationEmpathy and Offending, a Study About the Role of Cognitive and Affective Empathy in Sexual Violence
Gijsbers, E., & Vos, M. K. (2025) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x251355276 · Cited by 1
“According to the motivation-facilitation model (Seto, 2019), sexual offending arises from the interaction of two primary components: motivating factors and facilitating factors.”
InfluentialKing, D., Slikboer, R., Henshaw, M., Meyer, D., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2025) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632251377705 · Cited by 1
“Based on prior research (Babchishin et al., 2015; Henshaw et al., 2018; Seto, 2019) we might speculate that specialists (the minority of people who produce CSAM) may be more motivated by sexual interests and grati fi cation, while generalists (the majority) may be more driven by a broader pattern of…”
‘I have no desire to hurt a child’: prosocial navigation of sexual attraction to children
Phillipps, M. E. R., & Willis, G. M. (2025) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2025.2546305 · Cited by 1
“Prevalence estimates suggest that enduring attraction to prepubescent children (i.e. paedo-philia) manifests in approximately 1% of the male population (Seto, 2017), a rate that increases to 3.3% when attraction to pubescent children (i.e. hebephilia) is incorporated (Santtila et al., 2015).”
InfluentialSexual frustration, murder, and violent crime: A direct assessment of incarcerated offenders
Lankford, A., & Evans, H. R. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102544 · Cited by 1
Offending Trajectories of Men With Adult-Onset Sexual Offending Histories
Burgess, B. A., Stephens, S., McCuish, E., & Seto, M. C. (2026) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632261429126 · Cited by 1
“…in children, are powerful moti-vators of sexual offending (Mann et al., 2010; Seto, 2019) other factors such as substance use, impulsivity, coercive sexual interests (Seto, 2018, 2019), or limited access to consensual sexual outlets (Finkelhor et al., 2016) can also contribute to offending onset.”
Self-citationSalter, M., Whitten, T., Woodlock, D., Lu, M., Lamond, M., Naldrett, G. A., & Tyler, M. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605251403618 · Cited by 1
Seiser, A., Eher, R., Turner, D., & Rettenberger, M. (2026) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632261433010 · Cited by 1
“The motivation-facilitation model, developed by Seto (2019) to explain the development of sexual offending, provides a framework for a better understanding of the risk of individuals who commit sexual offenses against children.”
Winder, B., Грубин, Д., Underwood, M., Antoniadis, Z., Carvalheiro, M., Marshall, E., Norman, C., Bourne, R., & Kaul, A. (2026) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.70030 · Cited by 1
“sexual offending behaviour (Finkelhor and Hotaling 1984; Seto 2019; Ward and Beech 2006; Ward and Siegert 2002); features such as sexual preoccupation, paraphilias, hypersexuality and sexual self‐management also serve as strong predictors of recidivism (Gregório Hertz et al. 2022; Hanson and…”
Augustyn, C. M., Allardyce, S., Doyle, E. C., Kewley, S., & Seto, M. C. (2026) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2026.2650341 · Cited by 1
“…in children as a robust predictor of sexual recidivism (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005; Mann et al., 2010; Seto et al., 2023), and with theoretical models that identify sexual attraction to children as a motivational factor in offending (e.g. Finkelhor, 1984; Ward & Siegert, 2002; Seto, 2019).”
Self-citationMeißner, L., Domany, S., Rathgeber, F., Schmidt, A. F., Banse, R., & Eher, R. (2026) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632261454316 · Cited by 2
“The facilitation aspect of the model includes trait factors (e.g., antisocial personality) and state factors (e.g., negative affect) which influence the self-control and inhibition of the person and therefore the probability of the motivation leading to abusive behavior (Seto, 2019).”
InfluentialAli, L., Rathore, A. W., Humayun, A., Rakha, A., & Munawar, A. (2026) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2026.109099 · Cited by 1
Construct validity of dynamic risk factors: a multi-framework analysis
Cording, J. R., Christofferson, S. M. B., & ware, J. (2026) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2026.2711906 · Cited by 1
Merdian, H. L., & Perkins, D. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80212-7_6 · Cited by 1
Adult Male Contact Sexual Offenders: Challenges in Classification and Theoretical Perspectives
Noteborn, M. G. C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80882-2_22 · Cited by 2
Rokach, A., & Patel, K. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819174-3.00002-4 · Cited by 1
Current Perspectives on Pornography Use by Individuals Convicted of a Sexual Offense
Wescott, S. A., & Kosmala, K. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01374-9 · Cited by 1
Dilliën, T., Brazil, I. A., Sabbe, B., & Goethals, K. (2023) · Sexual Offending Theory Research and Prevention · doi:10.5964/sotrap.7503 · Cited by 1
“…problems also feature prominently in etiological theories of sexual offending, that describe self-regulation problems and low self-control as important etio logical factors to the development of sexual offending behavior against children (e.g., Finkelhor, 1984; Seto, 2019; Ward et al., 1998).”
InfluentialGROOMING OFFENCES AGAINST CHILDREN IN INDONESIA
Hardiyanti, D. T., Harefa, B., Bakhtiar, H. S., & Supardi, S. (2023) · UUM Journal of Legal Studies · doi:10.32890/uumjls2023.14.2.6 · Cited by 2
Lau, S., Habermeyer, E., Hill, A., Günther, M. P., Machetanz, L., Kirchebner, J., & Huber, D. (2023) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632231200838 · Cited by 1
“…common characteristics among populations who engage in sexual offending (Abbey et al., 2004; Dunsieth et al., 2004; Eher et al., 2019; Kraanen & Emmelkamp, 2011) and they were included into some of the explanatory models of sexual offending, such as the motivation-facilitation model (Seto, 2019).”
Berichtete Konsequenzen des Verbots von Sexpuppen mit kindlichem Erscheinungsbild
Desbuleux, J. C., & Fuß, J. (2024) · Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung · doi:10.1055/a-2269-5877 · Cited by 1
Adebahr, R., Öberg, K. G., Rahm, C., Byström, M., Sparre, C., Boström, A. E. D., Bottai, M., Jokinen, J., & Savard, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1448196 · Cited by 1
Consensual and Unsolicited Sexting are Not Completely Distinct Behaviors
Holmes, E. J., Healey, L. V., Babchishin, K. M., & Thorne, E. (2025) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-025-10327-2 · Cited by 1
“Antisociality, more extensive sexual history, and more negative perceptions of sexual consent are related to perpetrating in-person harmful sexual behaviors (Moyano et al., 2023; Seto, 2019; Warren et al., 2015) and thus may be differentially related to unsolicited versus consensual sexting.”
Toward a Holistic Approach to Treatment and Support for People with Attractions to Children
Lievesley, R., Harper, C. A., & Woodward, E. (2025) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-025-00403-x · Cited by 3
“By addressing underlying mental health issues, these interventions may also reduce the likelihood of harmful behaviors, as state factors facilitating sexual offending include low mood and maladaptive coping strategies, such as substance misuse [23].”
Adolescents in the Dunkelfeld: A Study of Help Seeking Minors Who Use Child Sexual Abuse Materials
Westfal, V. (2025) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632251351254 · Cited by 2
“Lehmann and colleagues (2023) discussed various explanatory models, including the motivation-facilitation model (Seto, 2017), which explains CSAM use with factors such as paraphilia, sexual desire, and antisocial tendencies.”
Theories of Image-Based Sexual Abuse
Fido, D., & Harper, C. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59284-4_2 · Cited by 1
Excitation Transfer Between Sexual Arousal and Other Emotions: Study Protocol
Schippers, E. E., Smid, W., Hoogsteder, L. M., & de Vogel, V. (2023) · International Journal of Psychiatry Research · doi:10.33425/2641-4317.1157 · Cited by 1
Online Sexual Deviance and Pedophilia
Quayle, E. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119771401.ch14 · Cited by 1
Intrasexual competition as a predictor of women’s judgements of revenge pornography offendingPreprint
Fido, D., Harper, C. A., Davis, M. A., Petronzi, D., & Worrall, S. G. M. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pwmqu · Cited by 1
Baskurt, S. (2024) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2024-16307 · Cited by 1
Constructing Offender Typologies From Judicial Data: A Clustering Analysis of Sextortion Cases
Wang, F., & Pei, W. (2026) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632261434143 · Cited by 2
“Making sexual demands (0/1) captures requests for sexual images, acts, or explicit compliance, re fl ecting motivations rooted in sexual coercion and exploitation rather than purely fi nancial objectives (O ’ Malley & Holt, 2022; Seto, 2019, 2021).”
Honeycutt, D. R., & Rickard, G. K. (2019) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2019.1650682
“intense mating effort, in addition to a trait, such as antisocial personality and a personal state, such as intoxication that facilitate acting on the motivation when an opportunity arises (Seto, 2019).”
BackgroundPrevalence, Risks, Costs, Theories, and Legal Aspects
Hornsveld, R. H. J., Kraaimaat, F. W., Gijs, L. A. C. L., Nunes, K. L., & Palmer, E. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27840-3_1
Toates, F. M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59531-3_36-1
Integrating the Etiology of Sexual Offending into Evidence-Based Policy and Practices
Levenson, J. S. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108328425.009
Márquez, G. A. A., Durán, J. C. B., & Carreño, J. C. B. (2021) · Legem · doi:10.15648/legem.1.2021.2983
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108848916.003
Psychology and Criminal Behaviour
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108848916.012
Digital Tools to Predict Reoffending Risk in Men Convicted of Sexual OffencesPreprint
Yu, R., Molero, Y., Långström, N., Fanshawe, T. R., Yukhnenko, D., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., & Fazel, S. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4002388
Мусабекова, С. А., Адилбек, С. А., Мхитарян, К. Э., & Ким, И. В. (2022) · Vestnik · doi:10.53065/kaznmu.2022.79.11.069
Winters, G. M., & Jeglic, E. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07222-2_2 · Cited by 1
Dodging justice: characteristics of men with multiple victims who evade detection for long periods
Nicol, S. J., Ogilvie, J., Kebbell, M. R., Harris, D. A., & Phelan, A. (2022) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2022.2159555
“This study enabled comparative analysis across three broad constructs often associated with sexual o ff ending: demographic and personal characteristics, indicators of sexual deviancy, and general criminality (Beech & Craig, 2012; Hanson et al., 2010; Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005; Seto, 2019).”
Pädosexuelle Überzeugungstäter im Netz
Steffes-enn, R., & Ihm, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35450-3_33-1
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.003.0009
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.003.0005
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.003.0008
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.003.0003 · Cited by 1
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.003.0007
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.002.0004
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.002.0005
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.003.0001
“You Are Like My Only Friend, Idc If You Are 12”
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.003.0004
“Let Them Starve, You Idiots!!! Why Feed VERMIN?”
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.003.0006
Lorenzo-Dus, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190845193.003.0002
Chan, H. C. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781119853350.ch1
Goethals, K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_121-1
Pädosexuelle Überzeugungstäter im Netz
Steffes-enn, R., & Ihm, H. (2023) · Cyberkriminologie - Theorien, Methoden, Erscheinungsformen · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-35442-8_33
García-Moreno, R. D. (2023) · Revista Ciencia UANL · doi:10.29105/cienciauanl26.122-6
von Franqué, F., Voulgaris, A., & Briken, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-64465-2_16
Landwehr, I., Mundloch, K., & Schmidt, A. F. (2024) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02798-x · Cited by 1
“…same applies to the revealed negative impact of high sex drive on appropriate cue differentiation in sexual partner selection, which is consistent with previous findings (Kafka, 2003; Moholy et al., 2015), especially as sex drive is a well-established risk factor for sexual offending (Seto, 2019).”
ResultKrueger, R. B., Kaplan, M. S., Gijs, L. A. C. L., Briken, P., & Aoun, E. G. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_166-1
How does sexual deviance develop?
Schippers, E. E. (2024) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20240422es · Cited by 1
Biedermann, J., Rüdiger, T.-G., & Ehlert, C. (2024) · Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform · doi:10.1515/mks-2023-0049
(2024) · Bristol University Press eBooks · doi:10.51952/9781529232073.bm001
Bringing aggression back into the study of sexual violence
Felson, R. B. (2024) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-024-09570-7 · Cited by 1
“Alcohol intoxication has situational effects on self-control since it alters perceptions of risk and focuses the drinker’s attention on the most salient cues in a situation (e.g., Abbey et al., 2004; Bushman, 1997; Parrott & Eckhardt, 2018; Seto, 2019; Steele & Josephs, 1990).”
Goethals, K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_121
Schweighofer, A. R. F., Piché, L., & Kolb, A. F. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781119893073.ch9
Raymond, B., Simmons, M., & McEwan, T. E. (2024) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2024.2409160
“The meaning of RSVP factors may change when applied to older adults (Craig, 2011; Seto, 2019; Zapater-Fajari et al., 2021) and not mirror the scope of the factor as intended by the developers.”
A Novel Model of Same- and Other-Gender Sibling Sexual Contact
Holmes, E. J. (2024) · doi:10.22215/etd/2024-16235
Introduction: Sexual Predation and TEFL (Teaching of English as a Foreign Language)
Rapatahana, V. (2024) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004713581_001
Modelle des sexuellen Groomings
Winters, G. M., & Jeglic, E. L. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73131-0_2
Götzl, C., Pichlmeier, S., Streb, J., & Dudeck, M. (2025) · Forensische Psychiatrie Psychologie Kriminologie · doi:10.1007/s11757-025-00875-6
“…situativer Faktoren (z.B. Überforderung im Beschäftigungsverhältnis, Beziehungs-oder Familienprobleme), die die Widerstand-fähigkeit und inneren Hemmschwellen für sexuelle Gewalt verschoben haben könnten, von den Teilnehmenden hervor-gehoben (Cortoni und Marshall 2001; Finkelhor 1984; Seto 2019).”
Special Populations: Aging and Sexual Offending
Crookes, R. L., Tramontano, C., Brown, S., Walker, K., & Wright, H. (2025) · Dangerous behavior in clinical and forensic psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83135-5_20
Davis, M. R., & Darjee, R. (2025) · Dangerous behavior in clinical and forensic psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83135-5_13
Neuropsychological Considerations of Sexual Offending
Tenbergen, G. (2025) · Dangerous behavior in clinical and forensic psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83135-5_8
Special Considerations: Internet Sexual Offenders
Paquette, S. (2025) · Dangerous behavior in clinical and forensic psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83135-5_22
McArthur, J. L., Blais, J., & Goruk, K. J. (2025) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03136-z · Cited by 2
“Further, situational factors that increase the opportunity to offend, such as being in possession of someone else’s images, were excluded from our examination of NCIID perpetration (Seto, 2017).”
InfluentialEpstein, R., Abulafia, J., Shukron, O., & Efrati, Y. (2025) · Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/sexmed/qfaf040 · Cited by 2
“…multiple treatment-relevant pathways, sexual compulsivity is often only one component of these models, such as the Motivation − Facilitation Model, 4 referenced obliquely in other models such as Ward & Beech’s 9 integrated theory of sexual offending, or more commonly not considered relevant at…”
Dorling, E., Onifade, H., & Browne, K. (2025) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/jacpr-03-2025-0994 · Cited by 1
Assessing pedophilic sexual interest: The utility of objective correlates in diagnostic decisions
Yeomans, R., & Kingston, D. A. (2025) · Sexual Offending Theory Research and Prevention · doi:10.5964/sotrap.14917
“In another comprehensive account of sexual offending, Seto (2008, 2019) proposed the Motivation Facilitation Model (MFM) of sexual offending.”
Zakreski, E., Jahnke, S., Androvičová, R., Bártová, K., Chronos, A., Krejčová, L., Nováková, L. M., & Klapilová, K. (2025) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03183-6
“According to the motivation–facilitation model (Seto, 2019), paraphilic interest involving sexual coercion or non-consensual sadism is important motivational factors for sexual offending against adults.”
Whitten, T., Woodlock, D., & Salter, M. (2025) · CrimRxiv · doi:10.21428/cb6ab371.f5f469c8
Fido, D., & Harper, C. A. (2025) · Sexual crime. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95844-1_4
Nováková, L. M., Krejčová, L., Bártová, K., Androvičová, R., & Klapilová, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1546102
“According to Insoll et al. (2024), 42% of the participants admitted to seeking online contact with minors following their exposure to CSAM.”
InfluentialNock), G. S. (., Dixon, L., & Tyler, N. (2025) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2025.102094
Typologies of CSEM Offending in South Korean Court Judgments
Kang, B., Kim, B., & Lee, S. (2025) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/10790632251389167
“Moreover, theoretical frameworks such as the Lawless Space Theory (Steel, Newman, O ’ Rourke, & Quayle, 2023), Motivation-Facilitation Model (Seto, 2017), and Path-ways Model (Kloess et al., 2014) provide a basis for understanding people who commit CSEM offenses ’ motivations and behavioral…”
Sexual (Re)offending: Theoretical Approaches and Treatment
Wößner, G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93038-6_2
Lux, S. H., Schwarzbach, C. P., Dippmann, T., Singer, J., & Mühlig, S. (2025) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2025.2573688
“A general equation of pedophilia or hebephilia with child sexual offending is not valid (Heron et al., 2023; Kuhle et al., 2018), but pedophilia poses a risk factor for such behavior (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2004; Seto, 2019; Turner et al., 2016).”
InfluentialGauthier, A., & Garant, E. (2025) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2025.2588158
Cheetham, W., & Bartels, R. M. (2025) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2025.2595165
“This aligns with the Motivation-Facilitation Model (Seto, 2019), which states that, while an attraction to children provides a motivation to engage in CSA, other (state and trait) facilitatory factors must be present for the interest to be acted upon.”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Seto, M. C.
- Affiliations
- Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, Brockville, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author
- Seto, Michael C.
- ORCID
- Seto, Michael C.
- Venue
- Sexual Abuse
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-07-17
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-24
- ISSN
- 1079-0632 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-286X
- OpenAlex
- W2737203213
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 19.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sexual Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Keywords
- sexual offending, paraphilias, sexual desire, mating effort, antisocial personality, poisoning, child sexual abuse, exhibitionism, voyeurism, adult sexual assault
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Humans, Libido, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Pedophilia, Risk Factors, Sex Offenses, Criminals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review