Cited by 419Social and Intergroup PsychologyForgiveness and Related BehaviorsPolitical Conflict and Governance

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When Suffering Begets Suffering: The Psychology of Competitive Victimhood Between Adversarial Groups in Violent Conflicts

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Noor, Masi, Shnabel, Nurit, Halabi, Samer, Nadler, Arie·2012·Personality and Social Psychology Review

DOI 10.1177/1088868312440048

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Abstract

Inter-group competitive victimhood (CV) describes the efforts of members of groups involved in violent conflicts to establish that their group has suffered more than their adversarial group. Such efforts contribute to conflicts' escalation and impede their peaceful resolution. CV stems from groups' general tendency to compete with each other, along with the deep sense of victimization resulting from conflicts. The authors point to biases that contribute to groups' engagement in CV, describe five dimensions of victimhood over which groups may compete, and contend that such competition serves various functions that contribute to the maintenance of conflicts. Drawing on the Needs-Based Model, they suggest that CV may reflect groups' motivations to restore power or moral acceptance. They then review evidence of the negative consequences of CV for inter-group forgiveness and suggest potential strategies to reduce CV. Finally, the authors discuss potential moderators and directions for future research.

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Authors: Noor, M., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Nadler, A.
Affiliations: Canterbury Christ Church University (GB)
Tel Aviv University (IL)
Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo (IL)
ORCID: Noor, Masi
Shnabel, Nurit
Halabi, Samer
Nadler, Arie
Venue: Personality and Social Psychology Review
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2012-03-29
Volume: 16
Issue: 4
Pages: 351-374
ISSN: 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
1532-7957
DOI: 10.1177/1088868312440048
OpenAlex: W2143901602
Cited by: 419
References: 195
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 61.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
eprints.keele.ac.uk
Licence: cc-by
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Social Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Keele Research Repository (Keele University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
Keywords: competitive victimhood, intergroup conflict, victimhood, conflict escalation, intergroup forgiveness, power system restoration, intergroup competition, violent conflict
MeSH terms: Culture, Group Processes, Humans, Social Behavior, Social Identification, Stress, Psychological, Violence, Crime Victims

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When Suffering Begets Suffering: The Psychology of Competitive Victimhood Between Adversarial Groups in Violent Conflicts

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