The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Health Belief Model: a decade later.
Open accessAbstract
Since the last comprehensive review in 1974, the Health Belief Model (HBM) has continued to be the focus of considerable theoretical and research attention. This article presents a critical review of 29 HBM-related investigations published during the period of 1974-1984, tabulates the findings from 17 studies conducted prior to 1974, and provides a summary of the total 46 HBM studies (18 prospective, 28 retrospective). Twenty-four studies examined preventive-health behaviors (PHB), 19 explored sick-role behaviors (SRB), and three addressed clinic utilization. A "significance ratio" was constructed which divides the number of positive, statistically-significant findings for an HBM dimension by the total number of studies reporting significance levels for that dimension. Summary results provide substantial empirical support for the HBM, with findings from prospective studies at least as favorable as those obtained from retrospective research. "Perceived barriers" proved to be the most powerful of the HBM dimensions across the various study designs and behaviors. While both were important overall, "perceived susceptibility" was a stronger contributor to understanding PHB than SRB, while the reverse was true for "perceived benefits." "Perceived severity" produced the lowest overall significance ratios; however, while only weakly associated with PHB, this dimension was strongly related to SRB. On the basis of the evidence compiled, it is recommended that consideration of HBM dimensions be a part of health education programming. Suggestions are offered for further research.
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“Research has shown that the HBM constructs are predictive of actual behavior”
From Treatment histories, barriers, and preferences for individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Janz & Becker, 1984
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In the citing paper
“Some of the themes identified in this review overlap with previous models conceptualizing engagement with digital health interventions, as well as general technology acceptance and health behavior, such as the Efficiency Model of Support [251], Technology Acceptance Model [253], and Health Belief Model [249].”
From Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: Systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [249]
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In the citing paper
“Although the severity of symptoms may increase interest in engaging with health interventions [249], symptoms related to depression, mood, and tiredness were found to hamper actual engagement.”
From Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: Systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [249]
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In the citing paper
“The Health Belief Model explains that adoption of health interventions is, among things, influenced by a person’s belief in the severity of their illness or health symptoms and the perceived benefits of seeking treatment for these symptoms”
From Barriers to and facilitators of user engagement with digital mental health interventions: Systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [249]
In the citing paper
“Multiple theoretical models support traditional face-to-face CBT including the theory of reasoned action [24], the theory of planned behavior [2], social-cognitive theory [6], control theory [16], the health beliefs model [33] operant conditioning [53] and the biopsychosocial model of pain [64].”
From Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [33]
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Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
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Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model
Rosenstock, I. M. (1974) · Health Education Monographs · doi:10.1177/109019817400200403 · Cited by 6,116
Health Belief Model and Personal Health Behavior
Becker, M. H. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,065
The Health Belief Model and Sick Role Behavior
Becker, M. H. (1974) · Health Education Monographs · doi:10.1177/109019817400200407 · Cited by 2,327
The Health Belief Model and Prediction of Dietary Compliance: A Field Experiment
Becker, M. H., Maiman, L. A., Kirscht, J. P., Haefner, D. P., & Drachman, R. H. (1977) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955344 · Cited by 808
Self-efficacy and relapse in smoking cessation programs.
Condiotte, M. M., & Lichtenstein, E. (1981) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.49.5.648 · Cited by 700
The Health Belief Model: Origins and Correlates in Psychological Theory
Maiman, L. A., & Becker, M. H. (1974) · Health Education Monographs · doi:10.1177/109019817400200404 · Cited by 660
Selected Psychosocial Models and Correlates of Individual Health-Related Behaviors
Becker, M. H., Haefner, D. P., Kasl, S. V., Kihscht, J. P., Maiman, L. A., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1977) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-197705001-00005 · Cited by 532
RANDOMISED CLINICAL TRIAL OF STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING MEDICATION COMPLIANCE IN PRIMARY HYPERTENSION
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
An ecological perspective on health promotion programs
McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019818801500401 · Cited by 8,502
Social Learning Theory and the Health Belief Model
Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019818801500203 · Cited by 5,564
Kirk, J. M. W., MacDonald, A., Lavender, P., Dean, J. M., & Rubin, G. (2017) · Biomedicine Hub · doi:10.1159/000480347 · Cited by 3,902
Putting the fear back into fear appeals: the extended parallel process model
Witte, K. (1992) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637759209376276 · Cited by 3,880
Smith, J. A. (1996) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870449608400256 · Cited by 2,380
Metadata
- Authors
- Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Health Education Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1984-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-47
- ISSN
- 0195-8402 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2134740567
- Cited by
- 8,437
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 331 · 2025: 390 · 2024: 368 · 2023: 396 · 2022: 461 · 2021: 493 · 2020: 464 · 2019: 308 · 2018: 312 · 2017: 330 · 2016: 322 · 2015: 345 · 2014: 298 · 2013: 332 · 2012: 242
- FWCI
- 50.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Health Education Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- Health Belief Model, preventive health behavior, sick role behavior, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, clinic utilization
- MeSH terms
- Prohibitins, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alcohol Drinking, Antihypertensive Agents, Attitude to Health, Automobile Driving, Behavior, Child, Child Health Services, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Genetic Testing, Health Surveys, Humans, Infant, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Mothers, Office Visits, Otitis Media, Patient Compliance, Primary Prevention, Risk, Sick Role, Smoking, Tay-Sachs Disease
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