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The Fallacy of Formative Measurement

Edwards, Jeffrey R.·2011·Organizational Research Methods

DOI 10.1177/1094428110378369

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Abstract

In management research, there is a growing trend toward formative measurement, in which measures are treated as causes of constructs. Formative measurement can be contrasted with reflective measurement, in which constructs are specified as causes of measures. Although recent work seems to suggest that formative measurement is a viable alternative to reflective measurement, the emerging enthusiasm for formative measurement is based on conceptions of constructs, measures, and causality that are difficult to defend. This article critically compares reflective and formative measurement on the basis of dimensionality, internal consistency, identification, measurement error, construct validity, and causality. This comparison leads to the conclusion that the presumed viability of formative measurement is a fallacy, and the objectives of formative measurement can be achieved using alternative models with reflective measures.

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Authors: Edwards, J. R.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Corresponding author: Edwards, Jeffrey R.
ORCID: Edwards, Jeffrey R.
Venue: Organizational Research Methods
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2010-08-11
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 370-388
ISSN: 1094-4281 (ISSN-L)
1552-7425
DOI: 10.1177/1094428110378369
OpenAlex: W2107306814
Cited by: 495
References: 97
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 35.75
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Organizational Research Methods (publishedVersion)
Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategies and Management Research
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Accounting and Organizational Management
Keywords: formative measurement, reflective measurement, construct measurement, causality, construct validity, measurement error, identification, internal consistency, dimensionality, structural equation modeling, management research

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The Fallacy of Formative Measurement

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