Association Between Generalized Joint Hypermobility and Anxiety Disorders in Children: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

Background: Generalized Joint Hypermobility (GJH) is defined as a range of joint motion exceeding normal limits in multiple joints and is relatively common in children. Although often asymptomatic, GJH has been increasingly linked to psychological comorbidities, especially anxiety. While adult studies have highlighted these connections, pediatric-specific research remains limited. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between GJH and the prevalence of anxiety disorders in school-aged children using validated clinical and psychological measures. Methods: A case-control study was conducted among 3920 children aged 8 to 15 years in Isfahan, Iran (2021-2023). The Beighton scoring was used to identify children with GJH (score ⩾ 6), yielding 634 cases. An age- and sex-matched control group of 650 children without GJH was selected. Anxiety was assessed using the validated Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS), covering separation anxiety, social phobia, panic/agoraphobia, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Logistic regression assessed associations between GJH and anxiety outcomes. Results: Children with GJH had significantly higher odds of separation anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 4.49; confidence interval [CI]: 2.39-8.43), social phobia (OR = 4.32; CI = 2.40-7.75), panic disorder/agoraphobia (OR = 3.46; CI = 1.30-9.21), and GAD (OR = 2.87; CI = 1.10-7.47). ADHD, specific phobia, and OCD showed no significant differences between groups ( P > .05). Conclusion: This study suggests a strong association between GJH and specific anxiety disorders in children. Given the ease of identifying GJH, psychological screening in this population may be a valuable preventive strategy.