Cited by 298Statistical Methods in Clinical TrialsHealth Policy Implementation ScienceMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Sample Size Calculations for Cluster Randomised Trials

Campbell, Marion, Grimshaw, Jeremy, Steen, Nick, Changing Professional Practice in Europe Group (EU BIOMED II Concerted Action)·2000·Journal of Health Services Research & Policy

DOI 10.1177/135581960000500105

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Cluster randomised trials, in which groups of individuals are randomised, are increasingly being used in the health field. Adopting a clustered approach has implications for the design of such trials, and sample size calculations need to be inflated to accommodate for the clustering effect. Reliable estimates of intracluster correlation coefficients (ICCs) are required for robust sample size calculations to be made; however, little empirical evidence is available on their likely size, and on factors which influence their magnitude. The aim of this study was to generate empirical estimates of ICCs and to explore factors which may affect their magnitude. METHODS: Empirical estimates of ICCs were calculated for both process variables and patient outcomes from a number of datasets of primary and secondary care implementation studies. RESULTS: Estimates of ICCs varied according to setting and type of outcome. Estimates of ICCs for process variables were higher than those for patient outcomes, and estimates derived from secondary care were higher than those from primary care. ICCs for process variables in primary care were of the order of 0.05-0.15, whilst those in secondary care were of the order of 0.3. Estimates for patient outcomes in primary care were generally lower than 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting cluster randomisation has implications for the design, size and analysis of clinical trials. This study gives an insight into the potential size of ICCs in primary and secondary care, and provides a practical guide to researchers to aid the planning of future studies in this area.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/135581960000500105

Cites

18 of 18 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Clinical Trials: A Practical Approach.
Hill, I. D., & Pocock, S. (1984) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531186 · Cited by 2,918
Clinical trials: A practical approach
Daly, M. J. (1984) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0165-6147(84)90515-7 · Cited by 1,057
Understanding controlled trials: Why are randomised controlled trials important?
Sibbald, B., & Roland, M. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7126.201 · Cited by 807
The unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior
Divine, G. W., Brown, J. T., & Frazier, L. M. (1992) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02599201 · Cited by 749
RANDOMIZATION BY CLUSTER
Donner, A. P., Birkett, N., & Buck, C. W. (1981) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113261 · Cited by 698
The Estimation of Intraclass Correlation in the Analysis of Family Data
Donner, A. P., & Koval, J. J. (1980) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530491 · Cited by 305
Some Aspects of the Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials
Donner, A. P. (1998) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C (Applied Statistics) · doi:10.1111/1467-9876.00100 · Cited by 178
Cluster randomised trials: time for improvement
Campbell, M. K., & Grimshaw, J. M. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1171 · Cited by 154
Self-citation
Sample size formulae for intervention studies with the cluster as unit of randomization
Hsieh, F. Y. (1988) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780071113 · Cited by 126
Randomised trial of educational visits to enhance use of systematic reviews in 25 obstetric units
Wyatt, J. C., Paterson-Brown, S., Johanson, R., Altman, D. G., Bradburn, M. J., & Fisk, N. M. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7165.1041 · Cited by 114

Show all 18 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Morgan M, 1978, Quality Review Bulletin, 4, 33
Donner A., 1998, Applied Statistics, 47, 95

Sorted by citations

Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Campbell, M. K., Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., & for the CONSORT Group (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5661 · Cited by 3,510
Self-citation
CONSORT statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Campbell, M. K., Elbourne, D. R., & Altman, D. G. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7441.702 · Cited by 2,557
Self-citation
Designing and evaluating complex interventions to improve health care
Campbell, N. C., Murray, E., Darbyshire, J., Emery, J., Farmer, A., Griffiths, F., Guthrie, B., Lester, H., Wilson, P., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39108.379965.be · Cited by 1,331
Lay health workers in primary and community health care for maternal and child health and the management of infectious diseases
Lewin, S. A., Munabi-Babigumira, S. K., Glenton, C., Daniels, K., Bosch‐Capblanch, X., van Wyk, B. E., Odgaard‐Jensen, J., Johansen, M., Aja, G. N., Zwarenstein, M., et al. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004015.pub3 · Cited by 1,030
Effectiveness of quality improvement strategies on the management of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tricco, A. C., Ivers, N. M., Grimshaw, J. M., Moher, D., Turner, L., Galipeau, J., Halperin, I., Vachon, B., Ramsay, T., Manns, B., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60480-2 · Cited by 652
Self-citation
Interventions That Increase Use of Adult Immunization and Cancer Screening Services: A Meta-Analysis
Stone, E. G., Morton, S. C., Hulscher, M. E., Maglione, M. A., Roth, E. A., Grimshaw, J. M., Mittman, B. S., Rubenstein, L. V., Rubenstein, L. Z., & Shekelle, P. G. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-9-200205070-00006 · Cited by 613
Self-citation
Patterns of intra-cluster correlation from primary care research to inform study design and analysis
Adams, G., Gulliford, M. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., Eldridge, S., Chinn, S., & Campbell, M. J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.12.013 · Cited by 602
Self-citation
Lay health workers in primary and community health care
Lewin, S., Dick, J., Pond, P., Zwarenstein, M., Aja, G. N., van Wyk, B. E., Bosch-Capblanch, X., & Patrick, M. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004015.pub2 · Cited by 544
Contamination in trials: is cluster randomisation the answer?
Torgerson, D. J. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7282.355 · Cited by 508
Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural group-based parenting programmes for early-onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years
Furlong, M., McGilloway, S., Bywater, T., Hutchings, J., Smith, S. M., & Donnelly, M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008225.pub2 · Cited by 454
Cultural competence education for health professionals
Horvat, L., Horey, D., Romios, P., & Kis‐Rigo, J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009405.pub2 · Cited by 436
Opioid-Related Adverse Drug Events in Surgical Hospitalizations: Impact on Costs and Length of Stay
Oderda, G. M., Said, Q., Evans, R. S., Stoddard, G. J., Lloyd, J., Jackson, K. C., Rublee, D. A., & Samore, M. H. (2007) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1h386 · Cited by 367
Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries
Witter, S., Fretheim, A., Kessy, F., & Lindahl, A. K. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007899.pub2 · Cited by 365
Effect of computerised evidence based guidelines on management of asthma and angina in adults in primary care: cluster randomised controlled trial
Eccles, M. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7370.941 · Cited by 354
Statistical assessment of the learning curves of health technologies
Ramsay, C. R., GRANT, A. M., Wallace, S. A., Garthwaite, P. H., Monk, A. F., & Russell, I. T. (2001) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta5120 · Cited by 353
Analysis of cluster randomized trials in primary care: a practical approach
Campbell, M. K., Mollison, J., Steen, N., Grimshaw, J. M., & Eccles, M. (2000) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/17.2.192 · Cited by 327
Self-citation
Are distinctive ethical principles required for cluster randomized controlled trials?
Hutton, J. L. (2001) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1097-0258(20010215)20:3 · Cited by 125
Self-citation
Quality Improvement Strategies for Hypertension Management
Walsh, J. M. E., McDonald, K. M., Shojania, K. G., H, V. S. M. P., Nayak, S., Lewis, R., Owens, D. K., & Goldstein, M. K. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000220260.30768.32 · Cited by 295
Training health professionals in smoking cessation
Carson‐Chahhoud, K., Verbiest, M. E. A., Crone, M. R., Brinn, M. P., Esterman, A. J., Assendelft, W. J., & Smith, B. J. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000214.pub2 · Cited by 290
Including variants on randomized trials
Higgins, J. P. T., Eldridge, S. M., & Li, T. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119536604.ch23 · Cited by 266
Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair [the UK Rotator Cuff Surgery (UKUFF) randomised trial]
Carr, A. J., Cooper, C., Campbell, M., Rees, J. L., Moser, J. S., Beard, D. J., Fitzpatrick, R. M., Gray, A. M., Dawson, J., Murphy, J., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19800 · Cited by 249
Self-citation
Interventions to Reduce Unnecessary Antibiotic Prescribing
Ranji, S. R., Steinman, M. A., Shojania, K. G., & Gonzales, R. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318178eabd · Cited by 229
Sample Sizes for Clinical Trials
Julious, S. (2009) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781584887409 · Cited by 102
Profiling Care Provided by Different Groups of Physicians: Effects of Patient Case-Mix (Bias) and Physician-Level Clustering on Quality Assessment Results
Greenfield, S., Kaplan, S. H., Kahn, R., Ninomiya, J. K., & Griffith, J. L. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-2-200201150-00008 · Cited by 224
Preconception care: closing the gap in the continuum of care to accelerate improvements in maternal, newborn and child health
Dean, S., Lassi, Z., Imam, A., & Bhutta, Z. (2014) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/1742-4755-11-s3-s1 · Cited by 180
Cluster randomised controlled trial to compare three methods of promoting secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in primary care
Moher, M., Yudkin, P., Wright, L., Turner, R., Fuller, A., Schofield, T., & Mant, D. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7298.1338 · Cited by 184
Case Management for Depression by Health Care Assistants in Small Primary Care Practices: A Cluster Randomized Trial
Gensichen, J., von Korff, M., Peitz, M., Muth, C., Beyer, M., Güthlin, C., Torge, M., Petersen, J. J., Rosemann, T., König, J., et al. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-6-200909150-00001 · Cited by 181
Patient-based outcome results from a cluster randomized trial of shared decision making skill development and use of risk communication aids in general practice
Edwards, A. (2004) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmh402 · Cited by 179
Cochrane Review: Behavioural and cognitive‐behavioural group‐based parenting programmes for early‐onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years (Review)
Furlong, M., McGilloway, S., Bywater, T. J., Hutchings, J., Smith, S. M., & Donnelly, M. (2013) · Evidence-Based Child Health A Cochrane Review Journal · doi:10.1002/ebch.1905 · Cited by 171
Sample size calculation for a stepped wedge trial
Baio, G., Copas, A., Ambler, G., Hargreaves, J., Beard, E., & Omar, R. Z. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0840-9 · Cited by 163
Interpersonal perception in the context of doctor–patient relationships: A dyadic analysis of doctor–patient communication
Kenny, D. A., Veldhuijzen, W., van der Weijden, T., LeBlanc, A., Lockyer, J., Légaré, F., & Campbell, C. B. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.065 · Cited by 163
Quality of Care and Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Berardis, G. D., Pellegrini, F., Franciosi, M., Belfiglio, M., Nardo, B. D., Greenfield, S., Kaplan, S. H., Rossi, M. C. E., Sacco, M., Tognoni, G., et al. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.398 · Cited by 156
Mobile technologies to support healthcare provider to healthcare provider communication and management of care
Gonçalves-Bradley, D. C., J Maria, A. R., Ricci-Cabello, I., Villanueva, G., Fønhus, M. S., Glenton, C., Lewin, S., Henschke, N., Buckley, B. S., Mehl, G. L., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012927.pub2 · Cited by 145
Cognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults
Lopez, P. L., Torrente, F. M., Ciapponi, A., Lischinsky, A. G., Cetkovich-Bakmas, M., Rojas, J. I., Romano, M., & Manes, F. F. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010840.pub2 · Cited by 140
Interventions to increase adherence to medications for tobacco dependence
Hollands, G. J., McDermott, M. S., Lindson, N., Vogt, F., Farley, A., & Aveyard, P. N. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009164.pub2 · Cited by 136
A brief intervention for weight control based on habit-formation theory delivered through primary care: results from a randomised controlled trial
Beeken, R. J., Leurent, B., Vickerstaff, V, Wilson, R., Croker, H., Morris, S., Omar, R. Z., Nazareth, I., & Wardle, J. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.206 · Cited by 126
Reducing child conduct problems and promoting social skills in a middle-income country: cluster randomised controlled trial
Baker‐Henningham, H., Scott, S., Jones, K., & Walker, S. P. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096834 · Cited by 131
The relationship between organisational characteristics and the effects of clinical guidelines on medical performance in hospitals, a meta-analysis
Dijkstra, R. F., Wensing, M., Thomas, R. E., Akkermans, R., Braspenning, J. C. C., Grimshaw, J., & Grol, R. P. T. M. (2006) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-6-53 · Cited by 123
Self-citation
Infection control and prevention measures to reduce the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Angelis, G. D., Cataldo, M. A., de Waure, C., Venturiello, S., Torre, G. L., Cauda, R., Carmeli, Y., & Tacconelli, E. (2014) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkt525 · Cited by 125
Effectiveness of different nursing handover styles for ensuring continuity of information in hospitalised patients
Smeulers, M., Lucas, C., & Vermeulen, H. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009979.pub2 · Cited by 123
Comparative efficacy of two interventions to discontinue long-term benzodiazepine use: cluster randomised controlled trial in primary care
Vicens, C., Bejarano, F., Sempere, E., Mateu, C., Fiol, F., Socias, I., Aragonès, E., Palop, V., Beltran, J. L., Piñol, J. L., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.134650 · Cited by 122
Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents
Abdullahi, L. H., Kagina, B. M. N., Ndze, V. N., Hussey, G. D., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011895.pub2 · Cited by 126
Pharmacist intervention in primary care to improve outcomes in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Lowrie, R., Mair, F. S., Greenlaw, N., Forsyth, P., Jhund, P. S., McConnachie, A., Rae, B., & McMurray, J. J. V. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr433 · Cited by 117
Intracluster correlation coefficients in cluster randomized trials: empirical insights into how should they be reported
Campbell, M., Grimshaw, J., & Elbourne, D. R. (2004) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-4-9 · Cited by 114
Self-citation
Effectiveness of open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (UKUFF)
Carr, A., Cooper, C. C., Campbell, M., Rees, J. L., Moser, J. S., Beard, D. J., Fitzpatrick, R. M., Gray, A. M., Dawson, J., Murphy, J., et al. (2017) · The Bone & Joint Journal · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.99b1.bjj-2016-0424.r1 · Cited by 112
Self-citation
Annals Journal Club: It's Time to Get RADICAL
Stange, K. C. (2006) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.588 · Cited by 112
Injected corticosteroids for treating plantar heel pain in adults
David, J. A., Sankarapandian, V., Christopher, P. R., Chatterjee, A., & Macaden, A. S. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009348.pub2 · Cited by 110
Probiotics to prevent infantile colic
Ong, T. G., Gordon, M. A., Banks, S. S., Thomas, M. R., & Akobeng, A. K. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012473.pub2 · Cited by 113
Behavioural and cognitive-behavioural group-based parenting programmes for early-onset conduct problems in children aged 3 to 12 years
Furlong, M., McGilloway, S., Bywater, T. J., Hutchings, J., Smith, S. M., & Donnelly, M. (2012) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2012.12 · Cited by 107
Effects of low and standard fluoride toothpastes on caries and fluorosis: systematic review and meta-analysis
Santos, A. P. P., Oliveira, B. H., & Nadanovsky, P. (2013) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000348492 · Cited by 66
Designing psycho‐oncology randomised trials and cluster randomised trials: variance components and intra‐cluster correlation of commonly used psychosocial measures
Bell, M. L., & McKenzie, J. E. (2012) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3205 · Cited by 98
Dietary modifications for infantile colic
Gordon, M. A., Biagioli, E. C., Sorrenti, M., Lingua, C., Moja, L., Banks, S. S., Ceratto, S., & Savino, F. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011029.pub2 · Cited by 103
A comparison of confidence interval methods for the intraclass correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials
Ukoumunne, O. C. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1330 · Cited by 96
Can lay health workers increase the uptake of childhood immunisation? Systematic review and typology
Glenton, C., Scheel, I. B., Lewin, S., & Swingler, G. H. (2011) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02813.x · Cited by 90
Culturally Adapted Hypertension Education (CAHE) to Improve Blood Pressure Control and Treatment Adherence in Patients of African Origin with Uncontrolled Hypertension: Cluster-Randomized Trial
Beune, E., van Charante, E. P. M., Beem, L., Mohrs, J., Agyemang, C. O., Ogedegbe, G. G., & Haafkens, J. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090103 · Cited by 97
Psychological therapies for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pollok, J., van Agteren, J. E., Esterman, A. J., & Carson‐Chahhoud, K. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012347.pub2 · Cited by 93
Different types of implants for reconstructive breast surgery
Rocco, N., Rispoli, C., Moja, L., Amato, B., Iannone, L., Testa, S., Spanò, A., Catanuto, G., Accurso, A., & Nava, M. B. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010895.pub2 · Cited by 90
Effectiveness of the EMPOWER-PAR Intervention in Improving Clinical Outcomes of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care: A Pragmatic Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial
for the EMPOWER-PAR Investigators, Ramli, A. S., Selvarajah, S., Daud, M. H., Haniff, J., Abdul-Razak, S., Sidik, T. M. I. T. A. B., Bujang, M. A., Chew, B., Rahman, T. H. A., et al. (2016) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-016-0557-1 · Cited by 86
Study protocol for the 10 Top Tips (10TT) Trial: Randomised controlled trial of habit-based advice for weight control in general practice
Beeken, R. J., Croker, H., Morris, S., Leurent, B., Omar, R., Nazareth, I., & Wardle, J. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-667 · Cited by 83
Effect of general practitioner education on adherence to antihypertensive drugs: cluster randomised controlled trial
Qureshi, N. N., Hatcher, J., Chaturvedi, N., & Jafar, T. H. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39360.617986.ae · Cited by 85
IMPLEmenting a clinical practice guideline for acute low back pain evidence-based manageMENT in general practice (IMPLEMENT): Cluster randomised controlled trial study protocol
McKenzie, J. E., French, S. D., O'Connor, D. A., Grimshaw, J. M., Mortimer, D., Michie, S., Francis, J., Spike, N., Schattner, P., Kent, P. M., et al. (2008) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-3-11 · Cited by 77
Self-citation
Pharmacists and medication adherence in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mes, M. A., Katzer, C. B., Chan, A. H. Y., Wileman, V., Taylor, S. J., & Horne, R. (2018) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00485-2018 · Cited by 77
Psychological therapies for the treatment of anxiety disorders in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Usmani, Z. A., Carson, K. V., Heslop, K., Esterman, A. J., De Soyza, A., & Smith, B. J. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010673.pub2 · Cited by 72
Intracluster correlation coefficients from the 2005 WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health: implications for implementation research
Taljaard, M., Donner, A. P., Villar, J., WOJDYLA, D. M., Velazco, A., Bataglia, V., Faúndes, A., Langer, A., Narváez, A., Valladares, E. C., et al. (2008) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00901.x · Cited by 74
Do rates of hospital admission for falls and hip fracture in elderly people vary by socio-economic status?
West, J., Hippisley‐Cox, J., Coupland, C. A. C., Price, G. M., Groom, L., Kendrick, D., & Webber, E. (2004) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2004.02.006 · Cited by 74
Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents
Abdullahi, L. H., Kagina, B. M. N., Wiysonge, C. S., & Hussey, G. D. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011895 · Cited by 76
Positive Psychology Intervention to Alleviate Child Depression and Increase Life Satisfaction
Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Gu, M., & Tong, K. K. K. (2016) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731516629799 · Cited by 83
Evaluation of the impact of two educational interventions on GP management of familial breast/ovarian cancer cases: a cluster randomised controlled trial.
Watson, E., Clements, A., Yudkin, P. L., Rose, P. W., Bukach, C., Mackay, J., Lucassen, A., & Austoker, J. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 71
Non-specialist health worker interventions for mental health care in low- and middle- income countries
van Ginneken, N., Tharyan, P., Lewin, S. A., Rao, G. N., Romeo, R., & Patel, V. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009149 · Cited by 69
Haloperidol versus low-potency first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
Tardy, M., Huhn, M., Kissling, W., Engel, R. R., & Leucht, S. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009268.pub2 · Cited by 70
Effectiveness of motivational interviewing to improve therapeutic adherence in patients over 65 years old with chronic diseases: A cluster randomized clinical trial in primary care
Moral, R. R., de Torres, L. Á. P., Ortega, L. P., Criado-Larumbe, M., Villalobos, A. R., García, J., & Rejano, J. M. P. (2015) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.03.008 · Cited by 67
Active Video Games in Schools and Effects on Physical Activity and Health: A Systematic Review
Norris, E., Hamer, M., & Stamatakis, E. (2016) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.001 · Cited by 74
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for patients with medically unexplained symptoms: a randomized controlled trial
van Ravesteijn, H., Lucassen, P., Bor, H., van Weel, C., & Speckens, A. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000348588 · Cited by 65
Prior distributions for the intracluster correlation coefficient, based on multiple previous estimates, and their application in cluster randomized trials
Turner, R., Thompson, S. G., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2005) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1191/1740774505cn072oa · Cited by 63
Do single handed practices offer poorer care? Cross sectional survey of processes and outcomes
Hippisley‐Cox, J., Pringle, M., Coupland, C. A. C., Hammersley, V., & Wilson, A. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7308.320 · Cited by 63
Describing Primary Care Encounters: The Primary Care Network Survey and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Binns, H. J., Lanier, D., Pace, W. D., Galliher, J. M., Ganiats, T. G., Grey, M. J., Ariza, A. J., Williams, R., & for the Primary Care Network Survey (PRINS) Participants (2007) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.620 · Cited by 63
Good intentions and received wisdom are not good enough: the need for controlled trials in public health
Macintyre, S. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2010.124198 · Cited by 62
Proactive asthma care in childhood: general practice based randomised controlled trial
Glasgow, N., Ponsonby, A., Yates, R., Beilby, J., & Dugdale, P. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7416.659 · Cited by 60
Avaliação dos usuários crianças e adultos quanto ao grau de orientação para Atenção Primária à Saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Harzheim, E., Pinto, L. F., Hauser, L., & Soranz, D. (2016) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232015215.26672015 · Cited by 60
Should Care Managers for Older Adults Be Located in Primary Care? A Randomized Controlled Trial
Parsons, M. J. G., Senior, H., Kerse, N. M., Chen, M., Jacobs, S. D., Vanderhoorn, S., & Anderson, C. S. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03763.x · Cited by 59
Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pollok, J., van Agteren, J. E., & Carson-Chahhoud, K. V. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012346.pub2 · Cited by 59
The effectiveness of the Liverpool care pathway in improving end of life care for dying cancer patients in hospital. A cluster randomised trial
the LCP Randomised Italian Cluster Trial Study Group, Costantini, M., Ottonelli, S., Canavacci, L., Pellegrini, F., & Beccaro, M. (2011) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-13 · Cited by 57
Randomizing patients by family practice: sample size estimation, intracluster correlation and data analysis
Cosby, R., Howard, M., Kaczorowski, J. A., Willan, A. R., & Sellors, J. W. (2002) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/20.1.77 · Cited by 55
Continuous quality improvement: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes
Brennan, S., McKenzie, J. E., Whitty, P., Buchan, H., & Green, S. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003319.pub2 · Cited by 54
Retracted
How to improve drug dosing for patients with renal impairment in primary care - a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Erler, A., Beyer, M., Petersen, J. J., Saal, K., Rath, T., Rochon, J., Haefeli, W. E., & Gerlach, F. M. (2012) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-13-91 · Cited by 55
Implementation of the Chronic Care Model in Small Medical Practices Improves Cardiovascular Risk but Not Glycemic Control
Frei, A. L., Senn, O., Chmiel, C., Reissner, J., Held, U., & Rosemann, T. J. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1429 · Cited by 54
A cluster-randomised controlled trial of a patient-centred guidebook for patients with ulcerative colitis: effect on knowledge, anxiety and quality of life
Kennedy, A. P., Robinson, A., Hann, M., Thompson, D. G., & Wilkin, D. (2003) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2524.2003.00399.x · Cited by 52
Efficacy of a mobile application for smoking cessation in young people: study protocol for a clustered, randomized trial
López, E. V., Flores‐Mateo, G., Molina-Gómez, J.-D., Rey‐Reñones, C., Uriarte, M. L. B., Duch, J., & Valverde, A. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-704 · Cited by 51
Cost-effectiveness of a primary care model for anxiety disorders
König, H., Born, A., Heider, D., Matschinger, H., Heinrich, S., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Surall, D., Angermeyer, M. C., & Roick, C. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058032 · Cited by 49
Hepatitis C infection among injecting drug users in general practice: a cluster randomised controlled trial of clinical guidelines' implementation.
Cullen, W., Stanley, J., Langton, D., Kelly, Y., Staines, A. S., & Bury, G. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 49
Integrating Positive Psychology and Elements of Music Therapy to Alleviate Adolescent Anxiety
Kwok, S. Y. C. L. (2018) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731518773423 · Cited by 56
Sustained Aeration of Infant Lungs (SAIL) trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Foglia, E. E., Owen, L. S., Thió, M., Ratcliffe, S. J., Lista, G., Pas, A. B. T., Hummler, H., Nadkarni, V., Ades, A. M., Posencheg, M. A., et al. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0601-9 · Cited by 47
Case management for the treatment of patients with major depression in general practices – rationale, design and conduct of a cluster randomized controlled trial – PRoMPT (Primary care Monitoring for depressive Patient's Trial) [ISRCTN66386086] – Study protocol
Gensichen, J. S., Torge, M., Peitz, M., Wendt-Hermainski, H., Beyer, M., Rosemann, T. J., Krauth, C., Raspe, H. H., Aldenhoff, J. B., & Gerlach, F. M. (2005) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-101 · Cited by 46
Intraclass correlation coefficients for cluster randomized trials in care pathways and usual care: hospital treatment for heart failure
Kul, S., Vanhaecht, K., & Panella, M. (2014) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-84 · Cited by 47
The Chronic Care Model: congruency and predictors among primary care patients with osteoarthritis
Rosemann, T. J., Laux, G., Szécsényi, J., & Grol, R. P. T. M. (2008) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/qshc.2007.022822 · Cited by 47
Sample size calculations for 3-level cluster randomized trials
Teerenstra, S., Moerbeek, M., van Achterberg, T., Pelzer, B. J., & Borm, G. F. (2008) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774508096476 · Cited by 44
Efficacy of two interventions on the discontinuation of benzodiazepines in long-term users: 36-month follow-up of a cluster randomised trial in primary care
Vicens, C., Sempere, E., Bejarano‐Romero, F., Socias, I. M., Mateu, C., Fiol, F., Palop, V., Mengual, M., Folch, S., Calatayud, G. L., et al. (2016) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp16x683485 · Cited by 44
PROTOCOL: Farmer Field Schools for Improving Farming Practices and Farmer Outcomes in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Systematic Review
Waddington, H. S., Snilstveit, B., Hombrados, J. G., Vojtkova, M., Anderson, J., & White, H. (2012) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.90 · Cited by 44
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction procedures for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
van Agteren, J. E., Hnin, K., Grosser, D., Carson‐Chahhoud, K., & Smith, B. J. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012158.pub2 · Cited by 43
Improving the care for people with acute low-back pain by allied health professionals (the ALIGN trial): A cluster randomised trial protocol
McKenzie, J. E., O'Connor, D. A., Page, M. J., Mortimer, D. S., French, S. D., Walker, B. F., Keating, J. L., Grimshaw, J. M., Michie, S., Francis, J. J., et al. (2010) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-86 · Cited by 42
Self-citation

Authors: Campbell, M., Grimshaw, J., Steen, N., & Changing Professional Practice in Europe Group (EU BIOMED II Concerted Action)
Affiliations: University of Aberdeen (GB)
Newcastle University (GB)
ORCID: Campbell, Marion
Grimshaw, Jeremy
Venue: Journal of Health Services Research & Policy
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2000-01
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 12-16
ISSN: 1355-8196 (ISSN-L)
1758-1060
DOI: 10.1177/135581960000500105
OpenAlex: W170006779
Cited by: 298
References: 18
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 12.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Health Services Research & Policy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Medical Research Council
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: sample size determination, intra-cluster correlation, cluster effect, primary care, secondary care, implementation research, process parameters, patient outcomes, trial design
MeSH terms: Europe, Health Services Research, Humans, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Sampling Studies, Cluster Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Sample Size Calculations for Cluster Randomised Trials

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks