The effects of simultaneous use of careful online planning and task repetition on accuracy, complexity, and fluency in EFL learners’ oral production

Rehearsal or task repetition has been shown to have the most robust effects on L2 fluency among planning types.

“Of the different forms of planning proposed by Ellis (2005), rehearsal (or task repetition) has been shown to have the most robust effects on L2 fluency”

The speech rate results are in line with previous research that found significant gains in speech rate when tasks were repeated once or several times.

“They are in line with previous research that has found significant gains in speech rate when tasks were repeated once (Ahmadian & Tavakoli, 2011;Arevart & Nation, 1991, 1993;Bygate, 2001;Lynch & Maclean, 2000;Wang, 2014) and several times (Ahmadian, 2011).”

In task-based language teaching and learning, repeating a speaking task facilitates fluency development.

“In task-based language teaching and learning, the facilitative role of repeating a speaking task was found for fluency development.”

Task repetition leads to changes in utterance fluency, reflected as speed, breakdown, and repair fluency.

“task repetition leads to changes in utterance fluency, reflected as speed (e.g., articulation rate), breakdown (e.g., pauses), and repair fluency (e.g., repetitions).”

Across previous empirical studies, intervals between same-task repetitions vary considerably, such as massed, across a few days, weeks, or months.

“Across previous empirical studies, the intervals between same-task repetitions vary considerably, such as massed (immediate) repetition (e.g., Lambert et al., 2017;Lynch & Maclean, 2000), across a few days (e.g., Ahmadian & Tavakoli, 2011;Gass et al., 1999;Kim & Tracy-Ventura, 2013), weeks (e.g., Fukuta, 2016), or months (e.g., Bygate, 2001).”

Task repetition enhances L2 fluency development.

“Task repetition enhances L2 fluency development (e.g., Ahmadian & Tavakoli, 2011;Bygate, 1996Bygate, , 2001;;de Jong & Perfetti, 2011;Lambert et al., 2017;Lynch & Maclean, 2000;Thai & Boers, 2016).”

Task repetition has been shown to positively change learners' task performance in terms of complexity, accuracy, and fluency.

“Task repetition has been shown to positively change learners' task performance in terms of complexity, accuracy and fluency (Ahmadian & Tavakoli, 2011;Bygate, 1996Bygate, , 2001;;Gass, Mackey, Alvarez-Torres, & Fernandez-Garcia, 1999;Lynch & McLean, 2001).”