The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Set-shifting in children with autism spectrum disorders: Reversal shifting deficits on the Intradimensional/Extradimensional Shift Test correlate with repetitive behaviors
Open accessAbstract
Research examining set-shifting has revealed significant difficulties for adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, research with high-functioning children with ASDs has yielded mixed results. The current study tested 6- to 13-year-old high-functioning children with ASD and typically developing controls matched on age, gender, and IQ using the Intradimensional/Extradimensional (ID/ED) Shift Test from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Children with ASDs completed as many ED shifts and reversal ED shifts as controls; however, they made significantly more errors than controls while completing the ED reversal shifts. Analyses on a subset of cases revealed a significant positive correlation between ED reversal errors and the number of repetitive behavior symptoms in the ASD group. These findings suggest that high-functioning children with ASDs require additional feedback to shift successfully. In addition, the relationship between set-shifting and non-social symptoms suggests its utility as a potentially informative intermediate phenotype in ASDs.
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“Deficits in the ability to flexibly update behaviour are manifest in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including autism, obsessive–compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia [23–30]”
From Linking haploinsufficiency of the autism- and schizophrenia-associated gene Cyfip1 with striatal-limbic-cortical network dysfunction and cognitive inflexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
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In the citing paper
“Moreover, our results are in keeping with deficits in the ability to flexibly update behaviour observed in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s Disease, schizophrenia and autism [23–31].”
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In the citing paper
“some limited evidence suggests substantial working memory deficits in preschoolers with ASD compared to neurotypically developing peers.64”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [64]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Symptom severity for restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), which are considered core deficits in the disorder, are associated with measures of cognitive inflexibility in ASD (66–68).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
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Citations
Cites
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The Endophenotype Concept in Psychiatry: Etymology and Strategic Intentions
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“Previous set-shifting findings suggest that individuals with ASD, regardless of functioning level, are more likely to perseverate than break cognitive set (Pennington and Ozonoff, 1996).”
BackgroundDissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts
Dias, R., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/380069a0 · Cited by 1,527
Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–207 of 207
How Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Impact Cognitive Flexibility in Children With Autism
Saniee, S., Pouretemad, H., Mokhtari, S., Kiani, M., & Rezapour, M. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07122-1 · Cited by 1
Purewal, R., Christley, R., Kordas, K., Joinson, C. J., Meints, K., Gee, N. R., & Westgarth, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27019305
Cook, K. M., You, X., Cherry, J. B. C., Merchant, J. S., Skapek, M., Powers, M. D., Pugliese, C. E., Kenworthy, L. E., & Vaidya, C. J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16625372
Self-citationSheikhi, N., Schnur, G., & Faja, S. (2026) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70175
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Su, J., Li, L., Wang, Y., & Fan, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1780503
Ge, H., Wu, R., & Zhang, C. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.203012
Metadata
- Authors
- Yerys, B. E., Wallace, G. L., Harrison, B., Celano, M. J., Giedd, J. N., & Kenworthy, L. E.
- Affiliations
- Children's National (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yerys, Benjamin E.
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-08-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 523-538
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC3018342
- OpenAlex
- W2144542843
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Frederick and Elizabeth Singer Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 MH999999)
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54MH066417)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD40677, T32HD046388, P30HD040677)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- set-shifting, autism spectrum disorder, high-functioning children, reversal shift, executive function, endophenotypes, feedback
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Set, Psychology, Wechsler Scales, Stereotypic Movement Disorder
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