Cited by 621Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchBehavioral and Psychological StudiesSocial Robot Interaction and HRI

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Innovative technology-based interventions for autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis

Grynszpan, Ouriel, Weiss, Patrice L (Tamar), Perez-Diaz, Fernando, Gal, Eynat·2014·Autism

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Abstract

This article reports the results of a meta-analysis of technology-based intervention studies for children with autism spectrum disorders. We conducted a systematic review of research that used a pre-post design to assess innovative technology interventions, including computer programs, virtual reality, and robotics. The selected studies provided interventions via a desktop computer, interactive DVD, shared active surface, and virtual reality. None employed robotics. The results provide evidence for the overall effectiveness of technology-based training. The overall mean effect size for posttests of controlled studies of children with autism spectrum disorders who received technology-based interventions was significantly different from zero and approached the medium magnitude, d = 0.47 (confidence interval: 0.08-0.86). The influence of age and IQ was not significant. Differences in training procedures are discussed in the light of the negative correlation that was found between the intervention durations and the studies' effect sizes. The results of this meta-analysis provide support for the continuing development, evaluation, and clinical usage of technology-based intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

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Influential
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“This fact could be appreciated in the large number of studies that have been published in the recent years, for example, please refer to Bereznak et al. (2012), Grynszpan et al. (2014), Hourcade et al. (2013), Kagohara et al. (2013), Stephenson and Limbrick (2015), Wainer and Ingersoll (2011).”
Background
Piloting an adaptive skills virtual reality intervention for adults with autism: findings from user-centered formative design and evaluation
Schmidt, M., & Glaser, N. J. (2021) · Journal of Enabling Technologies · doi:10.1108/jet-09-2020-0037 · Cited by 22
Self-Directed Video Prompting and Least-to-Most Prompting: Examining Ways of Increasing Vocational Skill Acquisition Among Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
Yakubova, G., Leibowitz, L., Chen, B. B., Halawani, N., & Harpole, L. L. (2019) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-019-0097-5 · Cited by 21
Teaching Written Expression to Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Complex Communication Needs
Pennington, R. C., & Carpenter, M. E. (2019) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0000000000000181 · Cited by 21
Autism and Socially Interactive Agents
Nadel, J., Grynszpan, O., & Martin, J. (2022) · ACM eBooks · doi:10.1145/3563659.3563673 · Cited by 20
“A review has been published on the training of skills assisted by digital technologies in autism [Grynszpan et al. 2014].”
Background
Effets positifs d’une exposition à des séquences vidéo ralenties sur l’attention, la communication sociale et les troubles du comportement chez 4 enfants autistes sévères : une étude translationnelle pilote
Meiss, È., Tardif, C., Arciszewski, T., Dauvier, B., & Gepner, B. (2015) · Neuropsychiatrie de l Enfance et de l Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.neurenf.2015.01.004 · Cited by 20
Potential clinical impact of positive affect in robot interactions for autism intervention
Kim, E. S., Daniell, C. M., Makar, C., Elia, J., Scassellati, B., & Shic, F. (2015) · Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction · doi:10.1109/acii.2015.7344544 · Cited by 20
Research on Technological Interventions for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Scoping Review
Heng, E., Lanovaz, M. J., & Beauregard, A. (2020) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00215-w · Cited by 20
A Pilot Study Investigating the Use of Mobile Technology for Coordinating Educational Plans in Inclusive Settings
Siyam, N., & Abdallah, S. (2021) · Journal of Special Education Technology · doi:10.1177/01626434211033581 · Cited by 25
“Technology for education purposes covered various topics and skills including general education, cognitive abilities, literacy skills, academic skills, communication skills, social skills, functional skills, and emotion recognition (Grynszpan et al., 2014).”
Background
The Use of Technologies Among Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Barriers and Challenges
Ghanouni, P., Jarus, T., Zwicker, J. G., & Lucyshyn, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Special Education Technology · doi:10.1177/0162643419888765 · Cited by 28
Evaluating augmented reality as evidence-based practice for individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis of single-case design studies
Denizli-Gulboy, H., Genc‐Tosun, D., & Gülboy, E. (2021) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2021.1972741 · Cited by 19
“Nowadays, these technological devices are commonly used as teaching material by individuals with ASD in different age groups (Grynszpan et al. 2014).”
Background
Video-Based Virtual Reality Technology for Autistic Users: An Emerging Technology Report
Glaser, N. J., Newbutt, N. A., Palmer, H., & Schmidt, M. (2022) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-022-09594-x · Cited by 19
“…in part due to the significant challenges of designing VR experiences for people with autism (Glaser et al., 2021; Schmidt et al., 2019), which includes the need for highly technical development skills and, in some cases, prohibitive hardware costs (Grynszpan et al., 2014; Schmidt & Glaser, 2021).”
Background
Occupation- and Activity-Based Interventions to Improve Performance of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Rest and Sleep for Children and Youth Ages 5–21: A Systematic Review
Beisbier, S., & Laverdure, P. A. (2020) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2020.039636 · Cited by 20
“Evidence indicates that the use of technology is most effective when highly individualized and coupled with personal interaction with a professional (Grynszpan et al., 2014; Ke & Im, 2013).”
Extended Reality Guidelines for Supporting Autism Interventions Based on Stakeholders’ Needs
Bauer, V., Bouchara, T., & Bourdot, P. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05447-9 · Cited by 19
The Landscape of Technology Research in Special Education: A Bibliometric Analysis
İNCİ, G., & Köse, H. H. (2023) · Journal of Special Education Technology · doi:10.1177/01626434231180582 · Cited by 18
“Individuals with ASD can be provided with a suitable, encouraging, consistent, and dependable learning environment with technology.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Virtual reality and robots for autism: moving beyond the screen
Good, J., Parsons, S., Yuill, N., & Brosnan, M. (2016) · Journal of Assistive Technologies · doi:10.1108/jat-09-2016-0018 · Cited by 18
“Many of these technologies have taken the form of targeted instruction or interventions which address the core deficits associated with autism (Odom et al., 2015; Grynszpan et al., 2014; Fletcher-Watson, 2014).”
Background
Part 2: The virtual environment social program for youths with autism spectrum disorder.
MacCormack, J. W. H., & Freeman, J. (2019) · International Journal of Play Therapy · doi:10.1037/pla0000093 · Cited by 22
Technology-Aided Interventions for Individuals With Autism: Implications for Policy and Practice
Pham, A. V., Bennett, K. D., & Zetina, H. (2019) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732219857750 · Cited by 18
“Another category of technology-aided interventions, CAI, has been used to teach academic, social, and behavioral skills to students with disabilities (Barton, Pustejovsky, Maggin, & Reichow, 2017; Grynszpan et al., 2014; Sansosti, Doolan, Remaklus, Krupko, & Sansosti, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Designing LLM-simulated Immersive Spaces to Enhance Autistic Children's Social Affordances Understanding in Traffic Settings
Cao, Y., He, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, M., You, S., Qiu, Y., Liu, M.-L., Luo, C., Chen, Z., Tong, X., et al. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/3708359.3712142 · Cited by 18
“Moreover, existing programs often focus on specifc s without adequately explaining the underlying reasons for s cues, raising concerns about the generalizability of these inter tions [51, 107].”
Implementation of a school-based Fitbit program for youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A feasibility study
Garcia, J. M., Leahy, N. A., Brazendale, K., Quelly, S. B., & Lawrence, S. A. (2020) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100990 · Cited by 17
Meta-Analysis of RCTs of Technology-Assisted Parent-Mediated Interventions for Children with ASD
Pi, H. J., Kallapiran, K., Munivenkatappa, S., Kandasamy, P., Kirubakaran, R., Russell, P. S. S., & Eapen, V. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05206-2 · Cited by 20
Multimedia Interventions for Neurodiversity: Leveraging Insights from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience to Build an Innovative Practice
Farroni, T., Valori, I., & Carnevali, L. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020147 · Cited by 16
Translating neuroscience to the front lines: point-of-care detection of neuropsychiatric disorders
Dasgupta, J., Bhavnani, S., Estrin, G. L., Mukherjee, D., Banerjee, A., Belmonte, M. K., Chakrabarti, B., Divan, G., Dawson, G., Johnson, M. H., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30186-9 · Cited by 16
Leveraging Extended Reality for Autistic Individuals: A Scoping Review of Technical Features and Technology Affordances
Gu, P., Xu, X., Qian, X., & Weng, T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2022.3197430 · Cited by 17
“[27] conducted a meta-analysis of technology-based intervention studies for autistic children published between 1990 and 2011 and reported an overall effect size of 47, suggesting this type of intervention can yield clinically significant improvements.”
Method
Evaluation of the effectiveness of an online transition planning program for adolescents on the autism spectrum: trial protocol
Hatfield, M., Falkmer, M., Falkmer, T., & Ciccarelli, M. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0137-0 · Cited by 25
“A metaanalysis of technology-based training for people with autism supported the effectiveness of these interventions and advocated their use with this population [37].”
Method
Eye-Tracking Analysis of Attention to an Electronic Storybook for Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Thompson, J., Plavnick, J. B., & Skibbe, L. E. (2018) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/0022466918796504 · Cited by 20
Effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence–Based Platform in Administering Therapies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: 12-Month Observational Study
Atturu, H., Naraganti, S., & Rao, B. R. (2025) · JMIR Neurotechnology · doi:10.2196/70589 · Cited by 23
“The CognitiveBotics software, like many other available ABA-assistive technologies, was observed to have various benefits and advantages specifically for individuals with ASD [50].”
Functionality, Impact, and Satisfaction of a Web-Based and Mobile Application Support Program for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bellon-Harn, M. L., & Manachaiah, V. (2021) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v25i2.2204 · Cited by 18
“Web-based or mobile app programs may offer guidance, support, and information to students with ASD (Backman et al., 2018; Bölte et al., 2010; Grynszpan et al., 2014; Tobin et al., 2014).”
Background
Using consumer feedback from location-based services in PoI recommender systems for people with autism
Mauro, N., Ardissono, L., Cocomazzi, S., & Cena, F. (2022) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116972 · Cited by 16
On the Evaluation of Engagement in Immersive Applications When Users Are on the Autism Spectrum
Tarantino, L., Attanasio, M., Mascio, T. D., Gasperis, G. D., Valenti, M., & Mazza, M. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23042192 · Cited by 16
“…robust studies with strong methodologies and the lack of proof for generalization [17], the little evidence supporting the efﬁcacy of VR technology [18], and the need of more research within educational and clinical settings to ensure robust recommendations can be made on the implementation, use…”
Background
Programming for generalization: Confronting known challenges in the design of virtual reality interventions for autistic users
Schmidt, M., Glaser, N. J., Schmidt, C. T., Kaplan, R. L., Palmer, H., & Cobb, S. V. G. (2023) · Computers & Education X Reality · doi:10.1016/j.cexr.2023.100013 · Cited by 16
The Brazilian Challenge to Accessibility and Digital Inclusion for People With Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Cordeiro, R., Ferreira, W. S., Aguiar, Y. P. C., Saraiva, J. D. A. G., Tardif, C., & Galy, É. (2018) · Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC) · doi:10.1145/3274192.3274229 · Cited by 16
Telehealth Interventions to Promote Health and Behavior-Related Outcomes in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lamash, L., Little, L. M., & Hen‐Herbst, L. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05440-2 · Cited by 19
Stakeholder Perspectives to Support Graphical User Interface Design for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Qualitative Study
Groba, B., Nieto-Riveiro, L., Canosa, N., Concheiro-Moscoso, P., Miranda-Duro, M. D. C., & Pereira, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094631 · Cited by 15
“Previous study results support the effectiveness of using technology in children with ASD for learning new skills [10].”
BackgroundResult
Virtual/augmented reality for joint attention skills improvement in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review
Yazdanian, H., Vakili, A., Soltani, A., Rekhne, Z. B., Zareii, S., & Zarifian, T. (2023) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2023.2277604 · Cited by 16
“With the rapid progress of innovative technologies, along with the affinity of many autistic people toward them (Grynszpan et al .”
High-Functioning Autism and Virtual Reality Applications: A Scoping Review
Chiappini, M., Dei, C., Micheletti, E., Biffi, E., & Storm, F. A. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14073132 · Cited by 15
Evolution and Identification from a Bibliometric Perspective of the Use of Robots in the Intervention of Children with ASD
Pérez-Vázquez, E., Lorenzo, G., Carreres, A. L., & Lorenzo-Lledó‬, ‪. (2019) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-019-09415-8 · Cited by 18
Effect of Sing and Speak 4 Kids: An Online Music-Based Speech and Language Learning Game for Children in Early Intervention
Lim, H. A., Ellis, E. M., & Sonnenschein, D. (2022) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1177/02656590221080308 · Cited by 15
“Innovations are emerging in the efforts to improve outcomes for these socio-communicative deficits, including computerized and gamified interventions (Grynszpan et al., 2014; Zakari et al., 2014), providing extensive player/patient engagement and a channel for delivering measurable health-related changes (Baranowski e…”
Background
An Internet Based Intervention for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder—A Qualitative Study of Participants Experiences
Westerberg, B., Bäärnhielm, S., Giles, C. J., Hylén, U., Holländare, F., & Bejerot, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.789663 · Cited by 16

Authors: Grynszpan, O., Weiss, P. L. (., Perez-Diaz, F., & Gal, E.
Affiliations: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
University of Haifa (IL)
CNRS USR 3246, France
ORCID: Grynszpan, Ouriel
Weiss, Patrice L (Tamar)
Gal, Eynat
Venue: Autism
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2013-10-03
Volume: 18
Issue: 4
Pages: 346-361
ISSN: 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
1461-7005
DOI: 10.1177/1362361313476767
OpenAlex: W2165069154
Cited by: 621
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 112 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 1.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Autism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, technology-based interventions, computer-based training, virtual reality, interactive DVD, children, intervention effectiveness, intervention duration
MeSH terms: Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Robotics, Technology, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Therapies, Investigational, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

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Innovative technology-based interventions for autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis

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