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Innovative technology-based interventions for autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis
Abstract
This article reports the results of a meta-analysis of technology-based intervention studies for children with autism spectrum disorders. We conducted a systematic review of research that used a pre-post design to assess innovative technology interventions, including computer programs, virtual reality, and robotics. The selected studies provided interventions via a desktop computer, interactive DVD, shared active surface, and virtual reality. None employed robotics. The results provide evidence for the overall effectiveness of technology-based training. The overall mean effect size for posttests of controlled studies of children with autism spectrum disorders who received technology-based interventions was significantly different from zero and approached the medium magnitude, d = 0.47 (confidence interval: 0.08-0.86). The influence of age and IQ was not significant. Differences in training procedures are discussed in the light of the negative correlation that was found between the intervention durations and the studies' effect sizes. The results of this meta-analysis provide support for the continuing development, evaluation, and clinical usage of technology-based intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
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“In that way, the presented approach is aligned with the recommendations made by Grynszpan et al. (2014) for the design of more accessible interventions.”
From iSenseVR: bringing VR exposure therapy outside the laboratory (2019) · cites this paper as Grynszpan et al. (2014)
In the citing paper
“Games for children with ASD-related symptoms showed comparable moderate effect as found by Grynszpan et al. (85) for technology-based (non-serious gaming) interventions for children with autism spectrum-related symptoms (d = 0.47).”
From Serious Games for Mental Health: Are They Accessible, Feasible, and Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [85]
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“…reality applications, especially appear to show significant improvements in Children with ASD, when supported by computer-based interventions and virtual reality applications, especially appear to show signi fi cant improvements in autistic symptomatology, regardless of their age or IQ [14,15].”
Smith, M. J., Sherwood, K. L., Sung, C. Y. Y., Williams, E. G., Ross, B., sharma, S., Sharma, A., Harrington, M. M., Brown, C., Telfer, D., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101153 · Cited by 7
“Moreover, a recent meta-analysis concluded that computerized trainings effectively teach general social skills to autistic people [94] and virtual learning environments are more acceptable and preferred by autistic youth compared to live role-plays with teachers [95].”
BackgroundChinchay, Y., Gómez, J., & Montoro, G. (2024) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2024.112164 · Cited by 6
Keenan, C., Thurston, A., Storey, C., & Urbanska, K. (2021) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.1171 · Cited by 8
Gaze-based Anxiety Sensitive Virtual Social Communication Platform for Individuals with Autism
Babu, P. R. K., & Lahiri, U. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3519855 · Cited by 6
Lau, H., Smit, J. H., Fleming, T. M., & Riper, H. M. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12331268 · Cited by 6
The Need for Technology-Aided Instruction and Intervention Policy for Autistic Youth
Sherwood, K. L., Smith, M. J., & Eldredge, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Disability Policy Studies · doi:10.1177/10442073221150603 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, TAII is a useful tool for autistic individuals because it eliminates the social demands they would experience during a face-to-face interaction (Grynszpan et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodSo, W., Wong, E., Ng, W., Fuego, J., Lay, S., So, M., Lee, Y., Chan, W., Chua, L., Lam, H., et al. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3087 · Cited by 6
“Indeed, in recent years, nonspecialists have increasingly used digital technology for identifying and treating autistic children (Grynszpan et al., 2014; Odom et al., 2015; Ploog et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLo, S. L., & Miller, A. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817319-0.00004-9 · Cited by 7
Interactive Technologies and Autism, Second Edition
Kientz, J. A., Hayes, G. R., Goodwin, M. S., Gelsomini, M., & Abowd, G. D. (2020) · Synthesis lectures on assistive, rehabilitative, and health-preserving technologies · doi:10.2200/s00988ed2v01y202002arh013 · Cited by 48
Vivanti, G., Duncan, E., Dawson, G., & Rogers, S. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49691-7_9 · Cited by 6
Social gaze training for Autism Spectrum Disorder using eye-tracking and virtual humans
Grynszpan, O., Bouteiller, J., Grynszpan, S., Martin, J., & Nadel, J. (2022) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.21022.gry · Cited by 6
Fage, C., Mazon, C., & Sauzeon, H. (2018) · Enfance · doi:10.3917/enf2.181.0103 · Cited by 11
Yunshan, L., Li, S., Huang, Y., & Li, D. (2025) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13080098 · Cited by 7
“…barriers, such as reliance on highly trained professionals, limited accessibility in low-resource settings, and difficulties in maintaining engagement among individuals with ASD, particularly those with sensory sensitivities or limited verbal abilities (Grynszpan et al. 2013; Thomeer et al. 2015).”
XR Technologies in Inclusive Education for Neurodivergent Children: A Systematic Review 2020–2024
Valverde, B., Araya, L. M., Rivera, J. L. V., Azagra, M. J., Escobar, R. H., Quezada, I. C., & Ketterer, C. G. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12111474 · Cited by 5
“The motor learning theory emphasizes the importance of repetitive practice and feedback in skill acquisition, particularly relevant for children with motor coordination difficulties common in neurodivergent populations [8].”
Hlynsson, J. I., Mechler, J., Lindqvist, K., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2026) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2026.100960 · Cited by 6
“This finding aligns with previous literature suggesting that the self-directed nature of digital interventions may pose challenges for individuals with executive function deficits (Grynszpan et al., 2014; Hollis et al., 2017).”
Zhi, W., Loh, S. C., & Jing, T. (2021) · Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/215416472105600409 · Cited by 8
“To date, technology-based interventions (TBI) are represented by computer-based intervention programs and virtual reality technology has shown unique advantages that are gradually applied to emotion recognition intervention of ASD participants (Grynszpan et al., 2014).”
Kockica: Developing a Serious Game for Alphabet Learning and Practising Vocabulary
Bajraktarević, S., & Ramić-Brkić, B. (2016) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47295-9_28 · Cited by 5
Faheem: A Tablet-Based Application to Improve Receptive Language for Arab Autistic Children
Alhazbi, S., Abo-eleneen, A., Kamal, N. F., Khader, M., Azzouza, A., Al‐Kababji, A., Hassen, A. M., & Zaza, A. M. N. (2018) · International Conference on Computer and Applications (ICCA) · doi:10.1109/comapp.2018.8460413 · Cited by 5
“Using technology in intervention with autism is not new, a number of recent studies [3,4,5,6,7] have reviewed previous works on technology-based interventions for autism.”
BackgroundRaccanello, D., Vicentini, G., Brondino, M., & Burro, R. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23990-9_7 · Cited by 5
Designing IVR Serious Games for People with ASD
Caruso, F., & Mascio, T. D. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52287-2_30 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Grynszpan, O., Weiss, P. L. (., Perez-Diaz, F., & Gal, E.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Haifa (IL)
- CNRS USR 3246, France
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-10-03
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 346-361
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- OpenAlex
- W2165069154
- Cited by
- 621
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 1.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, technology-based interventions, computer-based training, virtual reality, interactive DVD, children, intervention effectiveness, intervention duration
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Humans, Male, Patient Education as Topic, Robotics, Technology, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Therapies, Investigational, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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