The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 5 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters)
Open accessAbstract
Modern exponents of mindfulness meditation promote the therapeutic effects of “bare attention”—a sort of non-judgmental, non-discursive attending to the moment-to-moment flow of consciousness. This approach to Buddhist meditation can be traced to Burmese Buddhist reform movements of the first half of the 20th century, and is arguably at odds with more traditional Theravāda Buddhist doctrine and meditative practices. But the cultivation of present-centered awareness is not without precedent in Buddhist history; similar innovations arose in medieval Chinese Zen (Chan) and Tibetan Dzogchen. These movements have several things in common. In each case the reforms were, in part, attempts to render Buddhist practice and insight accessible to laypersons unfamiliar with Buddhist philosophy and/or unwilling to adopt a renunciatory lifestyle. In addition, these movements all promised astonishingly quick results. And finally, the innovations in practice were met with suspicion and criticism from traditional Buddhist quarters. Those interested in the therapeutic effects of mindfulness and bare attention are often not aware of the existence, much less the content, of the controversies surrounding these practices in Asian Buddhist history.
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17 Own interpretation · 9 No basis given · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Sources not found · 1 No full text of the sources
In the paper
“In my own work on the roots of the Zen (Chinese: Chan) tradition in 8thcentury China, I found that certain early Zen teachers seem to have turned away from traditional forms of meditation-repentance practices, meditations on corpses and the impurity of the body, and so on-in favor of instructing their disciples to simply set aside all distinctions and conceptualizations, and allow the mind to come”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sharf, 2014b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and is arguably at odds with more traditional Therava ¯da Buddhist doctrine and meditative practices.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, these movements all promised astonishingly quick results.”
- Also stated in: § Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention · plain
“they touted a method that was simple, promised quick results, and could be cultivated by anyone in a short period of time.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, Mah as ı placed emphasis on the notion of sati, understood as the moment-to-moment, lucid, non-reactive, non-judgmental awareness of whatever appears to consciousness.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of bare attention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And finally, the innovations in practice were met with suspicion and criticism from traditional Buddhist quarters.”
- Also stated in: § Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention · plain
“Given the ambiguities surrounding sati, it is not surprising that the Mah as ı method quickly came under fire from a number of quarters, including both Therav ada traditionalists in Southeast Asia and practitioners and scholars in the West.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention · plain
In the paper
“The psychological model behind Nyanaponika's understanding of sati as bare attention may owe more to internalist and empiricist epistemologies than it owes to early Buddhist or traditional Therav ada formulations (Sharf, 1998).”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sharf, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In each case the reforms were, in part, attempts to render Buddhist practice and insight accessible to laypersons unfamiliar with Buddhist philosophy and/or unwilling to adopt a renunciatory lifestyle.”
- Also stated in: § Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of bare attention · plain
“Designed to be accessible to laypersons, it did not require familiarity with Buddhist philosophy or literature”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of bare attention · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“(3) escape requires, among other things, abandoning hope that happiness in this world is possible.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mah as ı designed this method with laypersons in mind, including those with little or no prior exposure to Buddhist doctrine or liturgical practice.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of bare attention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“early Buddhist sutras in general, and Therav ada teachings in particular, hold that (1) to live is to suffer”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Modern teachers of mindfulness rarely make such demands of their students; the liberating, or if you will therapeutic, benefits apparently do not require dramatic changes in the way one lives.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Designed to be accessible to laypersons, it did not require familiarity with Buddhist philosophy or literature, most notably with the scholastic literature known as abhidhamma.”
- Also stated in: § Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of bare attention · hedged
“It also did not require renunciation of lay life, and it could be taught in a relatively short period of time in a retreat format.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of bare attention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of bare attention · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perhaps most radical was Mah as ı's claim that the cultivation of liberating insight did not require advanced skill in concentration (samatha) or the experience of absorption (jh ana).”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of bare attention
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an approach to Buddhism that evolved out of a complex intellectual exchange between Asia and the West that took place over the last 150 years or so.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of bare attention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mindfulness is promoted as a cure-all for anxiety and affective disorders including post-traumatic stress, for alcoholism and drug dependency, for attention-deficit disorder, for anti-social and criminal behavior, and for the commonplace debilitating stresses of modern urban life.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the emotional valence of this advanced stage of insight is likened to that of a mother being forced to witness the execution of all three of her sons.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The problem is that, in America at least, these commitments so resemble those of mainstream consumer culture that they go largely unnoticed.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Mainstream consumer culture is ethically dubious and politically reactionary.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The packaging of mindfulness in programs such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is arguably a variant on the same theme.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Mainstream consumer culture is ethically dubious and politically reactionary.
In the paper
“To the extent that the modern approach to mindfulness can be found in premodern Asia, it was a minority position that was met with considerable criticism from traditional quarters.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ahn, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In the early period, the Buddhist samgha was a renunciate community that embodied a critique of mainstream social values and cultural norms.
- Rests on an assumption: For the early samgha, liberation required letting go, which meant a radical change in lifestyle: opting out of family ties and worldly pursuits and into a communal, celibate, highly regulated lifestyle.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the early Zen patriarchs and Dzogchen masters, like their modern Burmese counterparts, were interested in developing a method simple enough to be accessible to those who were unschooled in Buddhist doctrine and scripture, who were not necessarily wedded to classical Indian cosmology, who may not have had the time or inclination for extended monastic practice, and who were interested in immediate”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is not the place to weigh in on this issue, except to note that this critique too emerges not from without, but from within the Buddhist tradition itself.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hubbard & Swanson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There may be no better exemplar of this ethically dubious and politically reactionary stance than Tricycle Magazine, with its advertisements for expensive meditation gear, for dharmic dating services, dharmic dentists and accountants, and its implicit authorization of the entrepreneurial and commercial activities of countless dharma centers and self-styled Buddhist masters.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Mainstream consumer culture is ethically dubious and politically reactionary.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The early Zen reformers, like the Burmese reformers in the 20th century, were popularizers: they touted a method that was simple, promised quick results, and could be cultivated by anyone in a short period of time.”
§ Is mindfulness Buddhist? (and why it matters) > Critiques of mindfulness as bare attention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Those interested in the therapeutic effects of mindfulness and bare attention are often unaware of the existence or content of controversies surrounding these practices in Asian Buddhist history.
“Those interested in the therapeutic effects of mindfulness and bare attention are often not aware of the existence, much less the content, of the controversies surrounding these practices in Asian Buddhist history.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Modern exponents of mindfulness meditation may see little need to explore the intellectual history of the concept in Buddhism.
“and thus modern exponents of mindfulness meditation may see little need to explore the intellectual history of the concept in Buddhism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the early period, the Buddhist samgha was a renunciate community that embodied a critique of mainstream social values and cultural norms.
“Note that, in the early period at least, the Buddhist institution-known as the sam _ gha-comprised a renunciate community that embodied, quite literally, a critique of mainstream social values and cultural norms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For the early samgha, liberation required letting go, which meant a radical change in lifestyle: opting out of family ties and worldly pursuits and into a communal, celibate, highly regulated lifestyle.
“For the sam _ gha, liberation required”
“Rather, it necessitated a radical change in the way one lived; one was required to opt out of family ties and worldly pursuits, and opt into an alternative, communal, celibate, and highly regulated lifestyle.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mainstream consumer culture is ethically dubious and politically reactionary.
“There may be no better exemplar of this ethically dubious and politically reactionary stance than Tricycle Magazine, with its advertisements”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many psychologists, cognitive scientists, and sociologists researching Burmese style mindfulness practices assume that the psychological benefits of such practice are borne out by centuries of Buddhist experience.
“To conclude, it is my impression that many of the psychologists, cognitive scientists, and sociologists doing research on Burmese style mindfulness practices seem to assume that the psychological benefits of such practice are born out by centuries of Buddhist experience.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“Associating Buddhist mindfulness with resilience has been widely regarded as a particularly western modern reinterpretation of Buddhism (Samuel 2015; Sharf 2015; Wilson 2014; Gleig 2019).”
From Introduction: Buddhism and Resilience (2021) · cites this paper as Sharf 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
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Van Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Kerr, C. E., Gorchov, J., et al. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617709589 · Cited by 1,506
Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice
Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.001 · Cited by 809
Lindahl, J. R., Fisher, N. E., Cooper, D. J., Rosen, R. K., & Britton, W. B. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176239 · Cited by 476
Mindfulness in cultural context
Kirmayer, L. J. (2015) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461515598949 · Cited by 190
“In the first article in this issue, Robert Sharf (2015) discusses the historical roots of concepts of mindfulness.”
BackgroundThe brain on silent: mind wandering, mindful awareness, and states of mental tranquility
Vago, D. R., & Zeidan, F. Z. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13171 · Cited by 175
Burke, A., Forbes, D., & Purser, R. E. (2016) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44019-4 · Cited by 108
Defining Mindfulness: A Review of Existing Definitions and Suggested Refinements
Chems-Maarif, R., Cavanagh, K., Baer, R. A., Gu, J., & Strauss, C. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02507-2 · Cited by 126
“It is important to note that the three main traditions of Buddhism— Theravāda , Mahāyāna , and Vajrayāna —may differ to some extent in their conceptions and practices of mindfulness (Harvey, 2015; Monteiro et al., 2015).”
InfluentialMeditation and the Wandering Mind: A Theoretical Framework of Underlying Neurocognitive Mechanisms
Brandmeyer, T., & Arnaud Delorme, A. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620917340 · Cited by 86
A balanced view of mindfulness at work
Choi, E., Gruman, J. A., & Leonard, C. (2021) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/20413866211036930 · Cited by 80
Tulver, K., Kaup, K., Laukkonen, R., & Aru, J. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103494 · Cited by 86
Sanada, K., Díez, M. A., Valero, M. S., Pérez-Yus, M. C., Demarzo, M., Montero‐Marín, J., Garcı́a-Toro, M., & García‐Campayo, J. (2017) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1638-y · Cited by 62
“This is one of the most essential concepts in Buddhism and could be translated as “bare attention” or “present-centred awareness”, which is intended to mean a sort of non-judgemental, nondiscursive attending to the here and now [1].”
BackgroundThe contemplative exercise through the lenses of predictive processing: A promising approach
Pagnoni, G. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.022 · Cited by 63
Dam, N. T. V., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S. W., Gorchov, J., Fox, K. C. R., et al. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617727529 · Cited by 62
“Historically, many such practices arose in religious and spiritual contexts where the motivations and goals for what could and would be achieved through meditation differed greatly from secular Western notions of health, well-being, and flourishing (McMahan, 2008; Sharf, 2015).”
Aival‐Naveh, E., Rothschild‐Yakar, L., & Kurman, J. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12300 · Cited by 100
Palitsky, R., & Kaplan, D. M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01253-0 · Cited by 46
“DoMBIs lead to ethical problems when deracinated from their religious foundations (Sharf 2015)?”
BackgroundInfluentialHsu, F. (2016) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44019-4_24 · Cited by 43
From Ancient Contemplative Practice to the App Store
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“In the Buddhist tradition, mindfulness is a translation of the Pali word sati, which can also mean “to recollect” or “to remember” [62].”
BackgroundThe question of mindfulness’ connection with ethics and compassion
Jinpa, T. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.10.016 · Cited by 33
Husgafvel, V. (2018) · Contemporary Buddhism · doi:10.1080/14639947.2018.1572329 · Cited by 45
“By comparing Kabat-Zinn’s views with the characteristic concepts and ideas held by his contemporary Buddhist influences (see Husgafvel 2016, 101–104), I demonstrate that foundational principles and insights in Kabat-Zinn’s understanding of mindfulness practice diverge from Theravāda teachings but are aligned with non-…”
BackgroundInfluentialMindfulness-Based Intervention Development for Children and Adolescents
Saunders, D. C., & Hedy Kober, A. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01360-3 · Cited by 34
“…neither the NIH stage model nor the NCCIH framework emphasizes the role of theory in intervention development at these stages; theory may be particularly salient for MBPs, which rests on a rich Buddhist theoretical context (Bodhi 2011; Dunne 2011; Harrington and Dunne 2015; Sharf 2015).”
BackgroundEthical Foundations of Mindfulness
Stanley, S., Purser, R. E., & Singh, N. N. (2018) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76538-9_1 · Cited by 31
Valerio, A. (2016) · Contemporary Buddhism · doi:10.1080/14639947.2016.1162425 · Cited by 31
Enstedt, D. (2019) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004331471 · Cited by 35
Mindfulness and morality: Educational insights from Confucius
Tan, C. (2020) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2020.1779045 · Cited by 35
The Emphasis on the Present Moment in the Cultivation of Mindfulness
Anālayo, B. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1074-1 · Cited by 33
Education and Mindfulness Practice: Exploring a Dialog Between Two Traditions
Ergas, O. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01130-w · Cited by 32
Testing a quick mindfulness intervention in the university classroom
Miller, C. J., Borsatto, J., & Al-Salom, P. (2018) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2017.1409345 · Cited by 31
“And, as it becomes more common, a wider variety of individuals are seeking mindfulness training to learn to better manage their own distress (Sharf, 2015).”
BackgroundThe Emperor’s Clothes: A Look Behind the Western Mindfulness Mystique
Rosch, E. H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2263-5_19 · Cited by 27
Cooper, D. J., Lindahl, J. R., Palitsky, R., & Britton, W. B. (2021) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel12121042 · Cited by 22
Grasmann, J., Almenräder, F., Voracek, M., & Tran, U. S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054445 · Cited by 26
“The construct of mindfulness has its roots in Eastern spiritual traditions and can be seen as a fundamental core of Buddhist meditation [2].”
BackgroundMindfulness of the kindness of others: The contemplative practice of Naikan in cultural context
Silva, C. O. (2014) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461514562922 · Cited by 20
Rethinking the Concept of Mindfulness: A Neo‐Confucian Approach
Tan, C. (2019) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1111/1467-9752.12343 · Cited by 20
Sitting with the Demons – Mindfulness, Suffering, and Existential Transformation
Vörös, S. (2016) · Asian Studies · doi:10.4312/as.2016.4.2.59-83 · Cited by 21
Is Mindfulness Secular or Religious, and Does It Matter?
Compson, J. (2017) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64924-5_2 · Cited by 18
“There are countless expressions of Buddhist teachings and they continue to morph and adapt over time, such that a quest for an authoritative version is problematic (Sharf, 2015).”
Background‘What it means to be truly human’: The postsecular hack of mindfulness
Arat, A. (2017) · Social Compass · doi:10.1177/0037768617697390 · Cited by 17
Keeping it together: Idioms of resilience and distress in Thai Buddhist mindlessness
Cassaniti, J. (2019) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461519847303 · Cited by 18
Bender, S. L., Roth, R. A., Zielenski, A. A., Longo, Z., & Chermak, A. (2018) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22132 · Cited by 19
Arpaia, J., & Andersen, J. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00379 · Cited by 20
“One recent version of mindfulness is a method called bare attention, which involves acceptance of one’s experience observing phenomena without judgment (39).”
MethodRahmani, M., van Mulukom, V., & Farias, M. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02164-x · Cited by 19
“This transformed Buddhism placed an emphasis on meditative experience, shifted religious authority and responsibility of salvation to the individual, and adopted a new universalist approach and an international outlook (Sharf, 2015).”
BackgroundThe Feasibility of Bringing Brief Mindfulness-Based Training to the University Classroom
Miller, C. J., Elder, K., & Scavone, A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0680-7 · Cited by 13
Hawaii educators’ experiences in a professional development course on mindfulness
Le, T. N., & Alefaio, D. (2018) · Professional Development in Education · doi:10.1080/19415257.2018.1474485 · Cited by 12
“Although the content of the training to the Hawaii educators included scientific studies taken from neuroscience, clinical science, and youth development, the information was also presented within the framework of Buddhist principles of ethics/virtues (e.g., wholesome vs. unwholesome mind states) and acknowledgement t…”
BackgroundInfluentialPalitsky, R., Lyons, M. J., & Kaplan, D. M. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02276-4 · Cited by 11
“…times including and other times discarding, ignoring, or translating aspects of religious worldviews associated with mindfulness practices while also introducing values consistent with secularization, medicali-zation, or individualistic self-improvement (Anālayo, 2019; Lindahl, 2014; Sharf, 2015).”
Paying Attention to the Self: a Systematic Review of the Study of the Self in Mindfulness Research
Shireen, H., Khanyari, S., Vance, A., Johannesson, H., Preissner, C. E., Dor‐Ziderman, Y., Khoury, B., & Knaüper, B. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01844-4 · Cited by 12
“In addition, some scholars contend that a lack of critical intellectual engagement with the Buddhist teachings on the ethical, social, and political dimension of the practice may lead to a heightened self-absorption (Sharf, 2015).”
BackgroundTse, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.908503 · Cited by 11
“This missing moral code in secular mindfulness has already sparked intense debates and attracted criticism from those mindfulness scholars with a Buddhist background (Lindahl, 2015; Sharf, 2015; Bodhi, 2016; Purser, 2019).”
BackgroundNature, Assessment, and Mechanisms of Mindfulness
Bravo, A. J., Lindsay, E. K., & Pearson, M. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_2-1 · Cited by 12
Equanimity: The somatization of a moral sentiment from the eighteenth to late twentieth century
McKay, F. (2019) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbs.21990 · Cited by 11
Unearthing intentionality: Building transformative capacity by reclaiming consciousness
Schmid, B., & Nesterova, I. (2023) · Environmental Values · doi:10.1177/09632719231175245 · Cited by 10
“Although there is much disagreement on what mindfulness is and what it is not (Purser 2019; Sharf 2015), most approaches to mindfulness involve a quieting down of ‘ mental chatter ’ and are linked to practices such as meditation and yoga which help achieve this state of mind (Buckingham 2017;…”
BackgroundDivino, F. (2024) · Histories · doi:10.3390/histories4010008 · Cited by 15
“(Sharf 2014, p. 472) Sharf accurately identifies that the early Buddhist institution was fundamentally a renunciate community, literally embodying a critique of prevailing societal values and cultural norms (ibid., p. 478).”
BackgroundZhong, Z., Jiang, H., Wang, H., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1404680 · Cited by 14
“Speci fi cally, it can be explained as “ pure attention ” or “ present-centered awareness, ” signifying a non-judgmental, non-verbal focus on the here and now (16).”
BackgroundPalitsky, R., Cooper, D. J., Lindahl, J. R., & Britton, W. B. (2023) · Journal of Contemplative Studies · doi:10.57010/gdcw6138 · Cited by 10
Mindfulness, Heedfulness, and Ethics
Krägeloh, C. U. (2018) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76538-9_5 · Cited by 12
Stapp, A. C., & Lambert, A. B. (2020) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · doi:10.26822/iejee.2020562137 · Cited by 14
“Sharf (2015) stated that early Buddhist be - liefs expressed a need for suffering in life; in order to relieve this suffering, one must escape this world.”
InfluentialJackson, K. T. (2018) · Humanistic Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s41463-018-0040-3 · Cited by 9
“See, e.g., Scharf, 2015.”
Mindfulness in a digital math learning game: Insights from two randomized controlled trials
Bereczki, E. O., Takács, Z. K., Richey, J. E., Nguyen, H. A., Mogessie, M., & McLaren, B. M. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12971 · Cited by 14
“Originating from Buddhist traditions (Sharf, 2015), mindfulness-based programs have become popular resources both in clinical and educational settings (Zenner et al., 2014).”
BackgroundNair, B., Khan, S., Naidoo, N. S., Jannati, S., Shivani, B., & Banerjee, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1240791 · Cited by 16
“…complexities, the implementation of MBSR as a technique to augment resilience and reduce stress in undergraduate medical education may be deemed unsuitable due to its historical and epistemological roots in Buddhist philosophy, specifically the Vipassana tradition (Sharf, 2015; Sanivarapu, 2016).”
BackgroundMindfulness and Buddhist economics in the financial market–generating Delta or Alpha?
Ng, E. C. H. (2018) · Society and Economy · doi:10.1556/204.2018.40.4.3 · Cited by 8
What's in a Concept? Conceptualizing the Nonconceptual in Buddhist Philosophy and Cognitive SciencePreprint
Thompson, E. T. (2020) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/2m84e · Cited by 8
Utilizing contemplative practices in social work education
Wang, D. S., Perlman, A., & Temme, L. J. (2019) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2019.1635063 · Cited by 10
Chen, Y., Hansen, C., & Vu, H. T. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1909042 · Cited by 7
Mindfulness and Memory in Early Buddhism: a Response to Ven. Anālayo
Rapgay, L. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1033-x · Cited by 7
Draper-Clarke, L. (2020) · South African Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.20853/34-1-2525 · Cited by 9
“Ethical passivity is considered a dangerous mental state (Sharf 2015).”
BackgroundMindfulness and Resilience in Britain: A Genealogy of the “Present Moment”
Cook, J. (2021) · Zenodo · doi:10.5281/zenodo.4727573 · Cited by 6
Wang, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1649564 · Cited by 21
“While many Western mindfulness approaches emphasize present-moment awareness, Samatha-Vipassana frameworks integrate both concentrated stabilization and discernment of mental patterns (Sharf, 2015).”
Meditation, Mindfulness, and Prayer: Three Spiritual Modalities Utilized for Healing
Levin, J. (2024) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-024-02122-4 · Cited by 6
“While mindfulness may have emerged, controversially, in the West as a Buddhist-contexted religious concept (Sharf, 2015), it has been valuably applied in secular clinical settings, as well, for decades (Kabat-Zinn, 1982).”
BackgroundCollective mindfulness: Somatic attention to group and self in meditation practice in Israel
Pagis, M., & Tal, O. (2022) · Anthropology Today · doi:10.1111/1467-8322.12708 · Cited by 6
Tempone-Wiltshire, J., & Dowie, T.-I. (2024) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · doi:10.53765/20512201.31.11.228 · Cited by 6
Of mountains, lakes and essences: John Teasdale and the transmission of mindfulness
Drage, M. (2018) · History of the Human Sciences · doi:10.1177/0952695118790429 · Cited by 6
Divino, F. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14020249 · Cited by 8
Jiwani, Z., Goldberg, S. B., Stroud, J., Young, J., Curtin, J., Dunne, J. D., Simonsson, O., Webb, C. A., Carhart-Harris, R., & Schlosser, M. (2025) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310160 · Cited by 6
“Attitudes traditionally emphasized in both secular (e.g., mindfulness-based stress reduction; [38]) and Buddhist meditation traditions [107] may support the adoption of psychedelic use as a complement to meditation.”
Bisato, E. (2022) · Rivista Italiana di Antropologia Applicata · doi:10.32054/2499-1848-2022-1-4 · Cited by 5
Brumett, A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01683-9 · Cited by 5
“Sharf (2015) called this line of reasoning “perennialism”—the assertion that all practitioners are effectively tapping into the same truth, regardless of their religious or philosophical affiliations.”
BackgroundInfluentialNotes Toward a Coming Backlash
Drougge, P. (2016) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44019-4_12 · Cited by 5
Die allgegenwärtige Aktivierung innerer Ressourcen
Niebel, V., & Straub, J. (2020) · psychosozial · doi:10.30820/0171-3434-2019-4-5 · Cited by 5
McMahan, D. L. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02244-y · Cited by 4
Ehmann, S., Sezer, I., Keller, A. S., Treves, I. N., & Sacchet, M. D. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121602 · Cited by 8
Ninivaggi, F. J. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816484-6.00001-4 · Cited by 6
Stuart, D. M. (2018) · Religions of South Asia · doi:10.1558/rosa.37022 · Cited by 4
Mindfulness and Hasidic Modernism
Seeman, D., & Karlin, M. (2019) · Religion and Society · doi:10.3167/arrs.2019.100105 · Cited by 4
Humanistic Mindfulness: A Bridge Between Traditional and Modern Mindfulness in Schools
Malin, Y. (2022) · Journal of Transformative Education · doi:10.1177/15413446221084004 · Cited by 4
Measurement at the Intersection of Positive Psychology and the Psychology of Religion/Spirituality
Hill, P. C., DiFonzo, N., Jones, C., & Bell, J. S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_7 · Cited by 4
Helderman, I. (2015) · Buddhist Studies Review · doi:10.1558/bsrv.v32i1.27024 · Cited by 4
Empires of Enlightenment: On Illumination and the Politics of Buddhism in Heart of Darkness
Alpert, A. (2017) · Journal of Modern Literature · doi:10.2979/jmodelite.40.2.01 · Cited by 4
Incorporating Mindfulness Practice for Better Performance in Work and Daily Life
Urcola‐Pardo, F. (2023) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15959-6_16 · Cited by 5
ChatGPT, machine ethics, and conceptualizing Digital Dharma Therapy
Kahambing, J. G., Zhao, J., & Fu, F. (2023) · Ethics Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jemep.2023.100933 · Cited by 3
Mindfulness Traps and the Entanglement of Self: An Inquiry into the Regime of Mind
Dixey, R., & Purser, R. E. (2024) · International Journal of Transpersonal Studies · doi:10.24972/ijts.2023.42.2.81 · Cited by 3
“(And Why It Matters),” Robert Sharf (2015) described the early Chan patriarchs who also taught meditation to cultivate “no mind” through intense immersion in the here-and-now, inducing deep tranquility and non-discursive awareness.”
BackgroundSecular, religious or spiritual? A sociological portrait of UK mindfulness teachers
Arat, A., & Hemming, P. (2024) · Religion · doi:10.1080/0048721x.2024.2388534 · Cited by 3
“…primarily on textual and his-toriographic analyses of Buddhist, clinical and popular interpretations of mindfulness (e.g., McMahan and Braun 2017; Sharf 2015); the constitutional legality of introducing mindfulness programmes in US public schools (Brown 2019); or clinical and psychological…”
Kwah, H. (2019) · Cultural Studies of Science Education · doi:10.1007/s11422-019-09930-1 · Cited by 3
Rahmani, M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198808640.013.31 · Cited by 3
Kogiso, K., & Miura, A. (2020) · Staps · doi:10.3917/sta.129.0073 · Cited by 3
Klebanova, K. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13010066 · Cited by 6
Am I going mad?: Adverse meditation events and the anthropology of ethics
McKay, F. (2022) · Anthropology Today · doi:10.1111/1467-8322.12710 · Cited by 3
Hsu, F. (2024) · The Review of Education Pedagogy & Cultural Studies · doi:10.1080/10714413.2024.2348833 · Cited by 3
“Thus, though labeled secular to appeal to a wide audience (Chen, 2022), the recently popularized mindfulness movement, including school MBPs, draws from a Buddhist foundation (Brown, 2019a; Hyland, 2017; Sharf, 2015; Wilson, 2014).”
Understanding mindfulness: Current epistemological, methodological, and ethical issues
Virtbauer, G., & Shaw, S. (2017) · Sigmund Freud PrivatUniversität Wien (SFU) · doi:10.15135/2017.5.2.22-49 · Cited by 3
“This paper is a contribution to recent discussions about the meeting of Buddhism and Western psychology in the field of mindfulness (Amaro, 2015; Baer, 2015; Bodhi, 2011; Davis, 2015; Gethin, 2011; Greenberg & Mitra, 2015; Grossman, 2015; Kabat-Zinn, 2011; Kuan, 2008, 2011; Kwee, 2010; Kwee, Gergen, & Koshikawa, 2006;…”
Borup, J. (2016) · Religion i Danmark · doi:10.7146/rid.v7i2.23716 · Cited by 3
From Ancient Contemplative Practice to the App Store: Designing a Digital Container for MindfulnessPreprint
Lukoff, K., Lyngs, U., Gueorguieva, S., Dillman, E., Hiniker, A., & Munson, S. A. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.09521 · Cited by 4
“In the Buddhist tradition, mindfulness is a translation of the Pali word sati, which can also mean “to recollect” or “to remember” [62].”
BackgroundLocal Cure, Global Chant: Performing Theravadic Awakening in the Footsteps of the Ledi Sayadaw
Stuart, D. M. (2024) · Numen · doi:10.1163/15685276-20240006 · Cited by 3
Levendusky, A., & Crippen, K. J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02612-w · Cited by 5
“In the Buddhist tradition, deep spiritual practice has generally required “a radical change in the way one lived; one was required to opt out of family ties and worldly pursuits and opt into an alternative, communal, celibate, and highly regulated lifestyle” (Sharf, 2015, p. 9).”
Kempton, H. M., & Waila, K. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16111439 · Cited by 2
Boxer, A., Shawyer, F., Coghlan, I., & Meadows, G. N. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02791-0 · Cited by 2
Tyler, P. M. (2018) · Buddhist-Christian Studies · doi:10.1353/bcs.2018.0022 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Sharf, R. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sharf, Robert H.
- Venue
- Transcultural Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-10-31
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 470-484
- ISSN
- 1363-4615 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7471
- OpenAlex
- W2170759063
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 191.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Transcultural Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- McGill University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, Theravada Buddhism, Dzogchen, lay Buddhist practice
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Awareness, Buddhism, Humans, Religion and Psychology, Meditation, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, Ancient, Mindfulness
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