The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 48 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Teen girls, sexual double standards and ‘sexting’: Gendered value in digital image exchange
Open accessAbstract
This article explores gender inequities and sexual double standards in teens’ digital image exchange, drawing on a UK qualitative research project on youth ‘sexting’. We develop a critique of ‘postfeminist’ media cultures, suggesting teen ‘sexting’ presents specific age and gender related contradictions: teen girls are called upon to produce particular forms of ‘sexy’ self display, yet face legal repercussions, moral condemnation and ‘slut shaming’ when they do so. We examine the production/circulation of gendered value and sexual morality via teens’ discussions of activities on Facebook and Blackberry. For instance, some boys accumulated ‘ratings’ by possessing and exchanging images of girls’ breasts, which operated as a form of currency and value. Girls, in contrast, largely discussed the taking, sharing or posting of such images as risky, potentially inciting blame and shame around sexual reputation (e.g. being called ‘slut’, ‘slag’ or ‘sket’). The daily negotiations of these new digitally mediated, heterosexualised, classed and raced norms of performing teen feminine and masculine desirability are considered.
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Claims the paper makes
32 Own result · 30 Not checked yet · 23 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Part of the performance of masculinity here includes what Kamal describes as a kind of masculine code of honour of not revealing the faces of the images of the girls he's been sent, although this possibility is potentially open to him, as explored next.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Negotiating images contributes to a peer hierarchy where boys and girls stake out positions in the popularity ratings.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One way boys could gain ratings was by collecting, tagging, sending and showing pictures of girls' bodies, particularly their breasts.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is value for Kaja in showing the visual currency and proof of the images to his friends, revealing his popularity and power.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The description linked to the pin is an easy way in which pin broadcasts encode sexual and gendered discourses, as discussed by this year 8 girls' focus group:”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As this exchange illustrates, there is a sense of camaraderie for the girls around 'bigging up' one's friends as attractive and desirable, the goal being to 'help' a girl to get more primarily male contacts, often from those not already known in person.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The affective dimensions of this visual economy are also mapped out, illustrating how explicit images of girls (teen peer produced content) circulated as a form of digital currency and value for boys who could accumulate 'ratings' by possessing and exchanging certain images.”
- Also stated in: § Getting 'ratings': performing masculinity through the visual proof of image exchange · hedged
“One way boys could gain ratings was by collecting, tagging, sending and showing pictures of girls' bodies, particularly their breasts.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § Getting 'ratings': performing masculinity through the visual proof of image exchange · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girls in contrast largely discussed the taking or sharing of self-images as a site of potential risk, blame and guilt around sexual reputation (e.g.being called 'slut', 'slag' or 'sket').”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both girls and boys read the production of images of girls' bodies through hierarchical codes of gendered morality.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But what we found through our discussions with young people was a blurring between pleasurable and coercive dimensions of digital sexual communication that troubles any straightforward conclusions regarding empowerment or exploitation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- It may state two separate claims as one. 41
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tarek explains that while he asks for pictures he never sends ones of himself.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He adds that a picture has greater value the more popular and therefore less likely a girl is to send it -gaining a scarce image demonstrates his own powers of persuasion or desirability.”
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, it is taken by girls as a sign of their attractiveness to be asked for a 'special photo', just as there is a matching norm of desirable masculinity for boys to be able to negotiate the 'ask' for the photo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“'Tits and bum' are the prime bodily properties, and these operate in racialised and classed ways.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kaja (year 10) and Kamal (year 8) both talked about having 30 images on their phone, indicating a considerable degree of popularity and desirability:”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also having an image specially made for you is better than being sent one 'on file', so to speak.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, he adds, the benefit of such descriptions of girls includes generating an interaction that enables going 'a step closer in the friendship.'”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Year 8 girls in one focus group discussed how a boy in their network currently had an image of a girl's head above a penis as his BBM default photo.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As Kaja says, the girl who did this has 'no shame' (a moral marker about her sexuality) while he himself both claims value from the picture and affectively disclaims it (and her) as 'nothing I ain't seen before'.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cherelle deleted the contact, but she was left with the affective residue that this contact 'knows' where she lives; and with BBM requests happening daily at school she was adamant it was 'not a joke'.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The girls were very aware of 'stranger danger' (Guo, 2008), and some found requests for sexual acts if they 'linked' threatening.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guo, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, they were inclined to suggest that other 'stupid' girls might meet up with guys but they wouldn't.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As before, boys get 'rated' and 'respect' for asking for an image and girls get called 'skets' for supplying it.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, consonant with familiar double standards, both boys and girls and girls described girls who sent images as 'skets' who lack self-respect.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discussion points to a sexual double standard -boys are 'sick' (a current term of admiration in the UK context) if they are seen (through photographic evidence, for instance) to have sex whereas the girls who send images are 'skets'.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though both boys and girls are criticised, only the girls are called 'stupid' (repeatedly so by Irina).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And although Demi's brother seems to attack the boy who keeps such photos, Kylie still attributes moral responsibility primarily to the girl who sent them, notwithstanding her critique of boys' behaviour also.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, Kaja moves easily from positioning girls who send pictures as not respecting themselves to explaining that he wouldn't respect them.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In competitive game of exchange, the boys use BBM to send requests for girls to write his name on their body, and the best image would win (and become his default photo).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The idea that self-sexualising through sexting images puts girls at moral risk of exploitation works through the age-old sexual double standard that not only positions girls' sexuality as something pure and at risk of contamination through active desire (Jackson and Cram, 2003) but also positions girls as responsible for protecting the virginal body from hard-wired aggressive male sexuality (Holl”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackson and Cram, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Holland et al., 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In parallel, we are witnessing the objectification and 'sexualisation' of men, through widespread consumption of images of the ideal male body, arguably resulting in a democratization of looking for women (and men) (Gill et al., 2005;Gill,2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gill et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Gill,2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, the fact that some of these images fall foul of laws on pornography (traditionally legal only if images of adults not minors) has amplified public anxieties over the sexualisation of childhood and girlhood (Arcabascio, 2010;Sacco et al., 2010;Wolak and Finkelhor, 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arcabascio, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Sacco et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Wolak and Finkelhor, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The concept of 'postfeminism' helps unpack and critique a contemporary sensibility that positions society as 'beyond' feminism, where it is supposed that feminist goals of social and political equality have been met, making the need for feminism now obsolete (Gill, 2007;McRobbie, 2008;Ringrose, 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gill, 2007
- Not checked yetcites McRobbie, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Ringrose, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The paper illustrates how online digital content and networks are inextricably linked to offline lives and experiences; and concludes by outlining the urgent need to address the gender inequity issues highlighted by practices of teen 'sexting'.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Having negotiated access to the school, and gained research ethics approval, the (female) interviewersfoot_2 worked with children aged 12-13 (UK Year 8) and 14-15 (Year 10), inviting them to reflect on both present and earlier experiences since the start of their secondary education (which in the UK begins around 11 years old).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“The implicit message in this and other anti-sexting narratives is that responsibility for an image lies with its producer/sender not its receiver, resulting in a form of victim-blaming (Hasinoff, 2012) that illustrates what commentators have called 'slut shaming ' (Albury, 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hasinoff, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Albury, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our starting point was the recognition young people are sexual beings with a right to communicate in privacy so as to explore their sexuality, intimacy and relationships (Lerum and Dworkin, 2009).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lerum and Dworkin, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous youth and new media research reveals that young people are deeply attached to digital communication and technology and find digital flirtation and sexual communication pleasurable, exciting and fun (boyd, 2008;Livingstone, 2008), a vital part of the 'drama' of the peer culture (Marwick and boyd, 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites boyd, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Livingstone, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Marwick and boyd, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recall Skegg's (2004) deployment of the concepts of use-value and exchange-value as we map the multiple ways that value flows through these images in a heterosexualized, affective economy of flirting: an image can be exchanged or looked upon by others, and it proves that a boy is himself both desired and desirous.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Skeggs, 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While this replicates the familiar sexual double standard of female passivity and male action, the social implications are now altered because the affordances (boyd, 2008) of sexting include persistence (images once sent cannot be withdrawn or deleted), manipulation and uncertain audiences (they may be further edited or circulated), and even possible illegality (if sexually explicit).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites boyd, 2008
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Within this contemporary 'postfeminist' media culture, researchers have argued that the 'sexualisation' of the adult, particularly female body is, therefore, taken for granted, normal and banal (Atwood, 2009;Evans and Riley, 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Atwood, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Evans and Riley, 2011
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Surveys have found highly variable rates of sexting, depending on just what is being measured (Lounsbury, Mitchell, and Finkelhor, 2011), although USA, UK and EU research suggests that typically around 15 per cent of teenagers report sending or receiving sexual messages while only some 3 per cent admit to creating or sending nude images (Lenhart, 2009;Livingstone, et al, 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lounsbury, Mitchell, and Finkelhor, 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Our multi-method design integrated focus groups and follow up individual interviews with 35 young people, together with an analysis of their online posts on Facebook and Blackberry (for details, see Ringrose, Gill, Livingstone and Harvey, 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ringrose, Gill, Livingstone and Harvey, 2012
plainn = 35- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social networking sites enable the construction of a textual and visual cybersubjectivity that gains meaning through embedding in a digitally 'networked public' (boyd, 2008;Papacharissi, 2009).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites boyd, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Papacharissi, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Researchers exploring gender dynamics on social networking sites argue that the very architecture of the sites encourages visual, bodily 'objectification', with intensified forms of rating and comparison commonly practiced in relation to women though also found in the online 'gay' community (Manago et al., 2009;Siiback, 2010;Dobson, 2011).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Manago et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Siiback, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Dobson, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although USA, UK and EU research suggests that typically around 15 per cent of teenagers report sending or receiving sexual messages while only some 3 per cent admit to creating or sending nude images (Lenhart, 2009;Livingstone, et al, 2010).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lenhart, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Livingstone, et al, 2010
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Applying this concept to popular culture, research has explored how second wave feminist critiques of sexual objectification are overturned through what has been termed an increasing 'sexualisation of culture'.Here, self-objectification, particularly for girls and women, is re-interpreted not as oppressive but as constituting a prime site of sexual liberation, value and pleasure (Gill, 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gill, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Specifically, we followed McClelland and Fine's (2008) 'intensity sampling' where we focused on demonstrative cases to explore the 'sexting' experiences in depth.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McClelland and Fine's (2008)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This extends the reach of long-established gendered power relations according to which girls' bodies are configured as implicit bearers of sexual morality (McClintock, 1995), and is made all the more persuasive through the fit between the affordances of the technology and the nature of peer cultureambiguous in form yet able to produce competitive values, playful in style, yet harsh in its normat”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McClintock, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, for boys, acquiring images can work as proof of their desirability and access to girls' bodies, constituting new norms of masculinity and masculine performance.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus girls find themselves hiding sexual interest and desire (Tolman, 2002(Tolman, , 2012) ) while boys' sexual interest and even aggressive, harassing propositioning is normalised as part of successful masculinity.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tolman, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Tolman, 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, for girls to acquire 'respect' from both boys and girls means engaging in a complex performance of femininity where they gain value from being asked for images but have to be seen to resist sending images and deny the possibility of having done so, projecting this culpability onto 'other' stupid girls.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In such scenarios, the online and offline spheres become difficult to separate, and the potential exists for the situation, legitimised through moral sexual double standards and performances of aggressive masculinity, to threaten girls' safety and well-being.”
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In relation to e-safety campaigns, we observe that while 'stranger danger' (against which most children have now been warned) remains a rare threat, everyday girls' concerns about consequences of gender and sexual inequity in popular and everyday culture go largely unheard at school and home.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Stranger danger is a rare threat for young people.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But they simultaneously mark out the girls' bodies as devalued, carrying a range of affects and working to delimit the acceptable boundaries of desirable female sexuality.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here Cherelle's refusal on BBM to 'link up' or engage with banter around 'blows' seemed to threaten the boy's masculinity, at which point he 'became furious'.”
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While such sexual double-standards are hardly new (Jackson and Cram, 2003), the technology provides new ways for value to circulate through images, becoming materially marked on particular bodies as part of that process.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackson and Cram, 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The moral logic presented here is that, firstly, the girl is responsible for having performed the sexual act and, secondly, she has implicated herself by getting upset.She is doubly condemned.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girls inscribe their cleavage with a boy's name, marking an inscribing their bodies as 'property' of particular boys, and 'tagging' allows the boys to claim value from the picture when posted online.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Affectively, the image itself becomes shameful as it associates the girl with promiscuity, although this shame can also 'travel' or affectively spread to him for engaging with the image, hence Kaja's complex work to distance himself from implication of relationship with the girl (Kofoed and Ringrose, 2012).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kofoed and Ringrose, 2012
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, even if it is the boy who takes the photo, a girl should not be in any position where he can take a picture.Again, responsibility falls to the girl for constructing a morally suspect image.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Akin to adult 'postfeminst' media cultures, being asked for an image of one's body carries value, even constitutes a new norm of feminine desirability, within today's digital peer networks.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Young people can delete unwanted images or block certain peer contacts but must still deal with gendered power inequalities surrounding sexual reputation and new performative displays of ideal, desirable masculinity and femininity.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sexting images carry value for boys and girls as part of the heterosexualized visual economy in peer networks, and this works in gender specific ways.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Blackberry Messenger smartphone technology is extraordinarily popular among UK teenagers because it is cheap and operates 'under the radar', making it very difficult for parents or the provider to monitor.
“BBM smart phone technology has become extraordinarily popular among UK teenagers for its cheapness (at, during the research period, five pounds per month for unlimited messaging) and its operation 'under the radar', being very difficult for parents to oversee or for even the provider to monitor (compared, say, with the efforts Facebook maintains to 'police' what is posted upon it).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Blackberry Messenger is the most popular social networking platform operated by Blackberry smartphones.
“While Facebook and other applications can be accessed on Blackberry, the most popular social networking platform operated by Blackberry smart phones is Blackberry Messenger (widely called 'BBM' by teenagers).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Stranger danger is a rare threat for young people.
“while 'stranger danger' (against which most children have now been warned) remains a rare threat”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“If boys do get a girl to send a nude we also heard in some groups, that showing or sharing these images to their peers was necessary as proof (Ringrose, Harvey, Gill, & Livingstone, 2013; Berndtsson & Odenbring, 2021; Dodge, 2020; Setty, 2019).”
From Young people's experiences of image-based sexual harassment and abuse in England and Canada: Toward a feminist framing of technologically facilitated sexual violence (2022) · cites this paper as Ringrose, Harvey, Gill, & Livingstone, 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the fallout of the non-consensual sharing and showing of nude images was described as worse for girls, which aligns with previous research on how girls commonly face slut-shaming (Ringrose, Harvey, Gill, & Liv ingstone, 2013; Ringrose & Harvey, 2015; Ricciardelli & Adorjan, 2019) and victim-blaming (Mishna et al., 2021; Lippman & Campbell, 2014) and their images are”
From Young people's experiences of image-based sexual harassment and abuse in England and Canada: Toward a feminist framing of technologically facilitated sexual violence (2022) · cites this paper as Ringrose, Harvey, Gill, & Livingstone, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Another key example of online gender differences is sexting, a practice of sending sexual images and sometimes sexual texts via cell phone and other electronic devices (Mitchell et al. 2014), which is usually censured and blamed when it is done by girls, while encouraged and reinforced when performed by boys (Ringrose et al. 2013).”
From “It’s just a joke”: gender, sexuality and trivialisation in adolescent online violence such as cyberhate, cyberbullying, and online grooming (2025) · cites this paper as Ringrose et al. 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Another key example of online gender differences is sexting, a practice of sending sexual images and sometimes sexual texts via cell phone and other electronic devices (Mitchell et al. 2014), which is usually censured and blamed when it is done by girls, while encouraged and reinforced when performed by boys (Ringrose et al. 2013).”
From “It’s just a joke”: gender, sexuality and trivialisation in adolescent online violence such as cyberhate, cyberbullying, and online grooming (2025) · cites this paper as Ringrose et al. 2013
In the citing paper
“In this way, the depicted bodies are ascribed value and gain currency in what Ringrose et al. (2013) have described as 'the heterosexual visual economy' of image-sharing practices.”
From Sexualized, platformed female bodies in male online practices: Negotiating boundaries of masculinity, gendered positioning and intimacy (2022) · cites this paper as Ringrose et al. (2013)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
This check didn’t finish.
Citations
Cites
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Stemmermann, J. (2016) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)
Deconstructing the Social Network
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Shedding Light on the Reality of Smart Girls
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SEXTING, NON-CONSENSUAL IMAGE SHARING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
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Peer-to-Peer Grooming: A Reappraisal
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ringrose, J., Harvey, L., Gill, R., & Livingstone, S.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ringrose, Jessica
- Venue
- Feminist Theory
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-11-14
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 305-323
- ISSN
- 1464-7001 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2773
- OpenAlex
- W2035588155
- Cited by
- 618
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 71.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Locations
- Feminist Theory (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Goldsmiths Research Online (acceptedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
- University of Brighton Repository (University of Brighton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
- Keywords
- teen girls, sexting, sexual double standard, gendered values, postfeminism, slut-shaming, sexual morality, Facebook, blackberry, breast, sexual reputation, heteronormativity, youth sexuality, media culture
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