Round-trip agenda setting: tracking the intermedia process over time in the ice bucket challenge
Abstract
Despite the social media’s agenda-setting power, the literature provides little understanding of how social media agendas survive and last long enough to trigger substantial public discussions. This study investigates this issue by tracking the ice bucket challenge campaign over an 18-week period. This article claims that the pattern of the intermedia process evolves over time along with the issue-attention cycle. We observed a round-trip intermedia agenda setting where the direction is reversed as the agenda waxes and wanes. Both social and mainstream media continued to generate a heightened level of issue attention after the buzz was cooled down.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Widely recognized social media challenge examples such as the Ice Bucket Challenge and Neknomination Challenge have attracted hundreds of millions of viewers.
“Studies highlight the widespread reach of these challenges, with widely recognized examples such as the Ice Bucket Challenge and Neknomination Challenge attracting hundreds of millions of viewers (Burgess et al., 2018;Jang et al., 2016).”
From Social media challenges as an intersection between Internet memes and traditional challenges: a conceptual analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Jang et al., 2016
While challenges were previously understood as individual or localized activities, the Ice Bucket Challenge demonstrated how they could evolve into large-scale movements, uniting diverse demographics around a shared purpose.
“While challenges were previously understood as individual or localized activities, this event demonstrated how they could evolve into large-scale movements, uniting diverse demographics around a shared purpose (Brown et al., 2017;Kwon, 2019;Jang et al., 2016;Ni et al., 2014).”
From Social media challenges as an intersection between Internet memes and traditional challenges: a conceptual analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Jang et al., 2016
The Ice Bucket Challenge rapidly gained global traction as a viral social media phenomenon, transforming the traditional perception of challenges.
“The Ice Bucket Challenge rapidly gained global traction as a viral social media phenomenon, transforming the traditional perception of challenges.”
From Social media challenges as an intersection between Internet memes and traditional challenges: a conceptual analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Jang et al., 2016
Cites
Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods
Granger, C. W. J. (1969) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912791 · Cited by 22,989 · see citing works
Agendas and instability in American politics
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-0574 · Cited by 5,940 · see citing works
Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control.
Anderson, O. D., Box, G. E. P., & Jenkins, G. M. (1978) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2988198 · Cited by 5,368 · see citing works
Elder, J. W., Geertz, C., & Rosenhack, K. P. S. (1964) · Cited by 3,878 · see citing works
Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered
Gould, S. J., & Eldredge, N. (1977) · Paleobiology · doi:10.1017/s0094837300005224 · Cited by 2,628 · see citing works
Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communications
Willigan, W. L., Katz, E., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1956) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3708755 · Cited by 2,173 · see citing works
The World’s Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information
Hilbert, M., & López, P. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1200970 · Cited by 1,643 · see citing works
The political power of social media: Technology, the public sphere, and political change
Shirky, C. (2011) · Foreign Affairs · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
Shoemaker, P. J., & Vos, T. (2009) · doi:10.4324/9780203931653 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
Agendas and Instability in American PoliticsPreprint
John, P. C. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 851 · see citing works
THE TENSION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL CONTROL AND OPEN PARTICIPATION
Lewis, S. C. (2012) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.674150 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
The Dynamics of Public Attention: Agenda‐Setting Theory Meets Big Data
Neuman, W. R., Guggenheim, L., Jang, M. S., & Bae, S. (2014) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12088 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Studying political microblogging: Twitter users in the 2010 Swedish election campaign
Larsson, A. O., & Moe, H. (2011) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444811422894 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Huckfeldt, R., Johnson, P. E., & Sprague, J. D. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511617102 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Political disagreement the survival of diverse opinions within communication networks
Huckfeldt, R., Johnson, P. E., & Sprague, J. D. (2004) · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Social news, citizen journalism and democracy
Goode, L. (2009) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444809341393 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Riffe, D., Aust, C. F., & Lacy, S. R. (1993) · Journalism Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769909307000115 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Is There an Elite Hold? Traditional Media to Social Media Agenda Setting Influence in Blog Networks
Meraz, S. (2009) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01458.x · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Conway, B. A., Kenski, K. M., & Wang, D. (2015) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12124 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Hilbert, M. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025940 · Cited by 391 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The total amount of online content has increased dramatically over time (Hilbert, 2012).”
BackgroundINTER-MEDIA AGENDA SETTING AND GLOBAL NEWS COVERAGE
Golan, G. J. (2006) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/14616700500533643 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Time series analysis, forecasting and control
Young, P. C., & Shellswell, S. (1972) · IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control · doi:10.1109/tac.1972.1099963 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Granger Causality and the Times Series Analysis of Political Relationships
Freeman, J. R. (1983) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111021 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Agenda Setting and Issue Salience Online
Roberts, M. S., Wanta, W., & Dzwo, T. (2002) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650202029004004 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Valenzuela, S., Kim, Y., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2011) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edr037 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The Threshold of Public Attention
Neuman, W. R. (1990) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/269194 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Ausserhofer, J., & Maireder, A. (2013) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.756050 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Capacity, Diversity, and Volatility of the Public Agenda: Trends From 1954 to 1994
Combs, M. M., & Zhu, J.-H. (1995) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/269491 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Meraz, S. (2011) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769901108800110 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Issue Competition and Attention Distraction: A Zero-Sum Theory of Agenda-Setting
Zhu, J.-H. (1992) · Journalism Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769909206900403 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Sayre, B., Bode, L., Shah, D. V., Wilcox, D., & Shah, C. S. (2010) · Policy & Internet · doi:10.2202/1944-2866.1040 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The Efficiency of Constructed Week Sampling for Content Analysis of Online News
Hester, J. B., & Dougall, E. K. (2007) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769900708400410 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Intermedia Agenda Setting in Television, Advertising, and Blogs During the 2004 Election
Sweetser, K. D., Golan, G. J., & Wanta, W. (2008) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205430701590267 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Validation of Database Search Terms for Content Analysis: The Case of Cancer News Coverage
Stryker, J. E., Wray, R. J., Hornik, R., & Yanovitzky, I. (2006) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769900608300212 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Weeks, B. E., & Southwell, B. G. (2010) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205430903470532 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
In Search of the Issue-Attention Cycle
Peters, B. G., & Hogwood, B. W. (1985) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.2307/2131074 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Introduction to Time Series Using Stata
Becketti, S. (2013) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Structuring the “Unseen Environment”
McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. L. (1976) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01374.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Groshek, J., & Groshek, M. C. (2013) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v1i1.71 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The State of the Union Address and the Press Agenda
Gilberg, S., Eyal, C. H., McCombs, M., & Nicholas, D. R. (1980) · Journalism Quarterly · doi:10.1177/107769908005700405 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Intermedia agenda-setting in a multimedia news environment
Vonbun-Feldbauer, R., Königslöw, K. K., & Schönbach, K. (2015) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884915595475 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Toward Conceptual Consistency in Studies of Agenda-Building Processes: A Scholarly Review
Denham, B. E. (2010) · Review of Communication · doi:10.1080/15358593.2010.502593 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Emergence of News Waves: A Social Simulation Approach
Waldherr, A. (2014) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12117 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Media-Induced Or Search-Driven?
Ragas, M. W., Tran, H. L., & Martin, J. A. (2013) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2013.793509 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The More Friends, the Less Political Talk? Predictors of Facebook Discussions Among College Students
Jang, M. S., Lee, H., & Park, Y. (2014) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0477 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterns of Relationships between Issues: An Analysis of German Prestige Newspapers
Geiss, S. (2011) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edq050 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Jacobson, S. (2013) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2013.816706 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Routine newswork and the what‐a‐story: A case study of organizational adaptation
Berkowitz, D. (1992) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159209364153 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Assessing the Carrying Capacity of Twitter and Online News
Jones-Jang, S. M., & Josh Pasek, B. (2015) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1035397 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The financial news ecosystem: Journalists’ perceptions of group hierarchy
Ragas, M. W., & Tran, H. L. (2015) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884914540441 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mahoney, J. (n.d.) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jones-Jang, S. M., McKeever, B. W., Mckeever, R. J., & Kim, J. K. (2017) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1384433 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
A Problem of Amplification: Folklore and Fake News in the Age of Social Media
Peck, A. M. (2020) · Journal of American Folklore · doi:10.5406/jamerfolk.133.529.0329 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
COVID-19 Discourse on Twitter in Four Asian Countries: Case Study of Risk Communication
Park, S., Han, S., Kim, J., Molaie, M. M., Vu, H. D., Singh, K., Han, J., Lee, W., & Cha, M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/23272 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Viral ice buckets: A memetic perspective on the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge’s diffusion
Schlaile, M. P., Knausberg, T., Müller, M. M., & Zeman, J. (2018) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2018.09.012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
When Medicine Meets Media: How Health News is Co-produced Between Health and Media Professionals
Stroobant, J., den Bogaert, S. V., & Raeymaeckers, K. (2018) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2018.1539344 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kwon, K. H. (2019) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2018.1561342 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jones-Jang, S. M., Hart, P. S., Feldman, L., & Moon, W.-K. (2019) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1077699019874731 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Redefining Media Agendas: Topic Problematization in Online Reader Comments
Koltsova, O. Y., & Nagornyy, O. (2019) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v7i3.1894 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhao, X. (2019) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884919837425 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Online-Kommunikation politischer Akteure
Emmer, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18016-4_14 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Risk Communication in Asian Countries: COVID-19 Discourse on TwitterPreprint
Park, S., Han, S., Kim, J., Molaie, M. M., Vu, H. D., Singh, K., Han, J., Lee, W., & Cha, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.12218 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, W., & Гуо, Л. (2020) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1801808 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Public Responses and Concerns Regarding Vape Bans on Reddit: A Longitudinal Topic Modeling Approach
Xu, Y. A., Kim, H. M., Wang, Y., Wu, J., Hong, T. J., & McLaughlin, M. L. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77626-8_26 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mobile use, personal values, and connectedness with civic life
Lee, H., & Park, Y. J. (2017) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2017.07.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationZúñiga, V. M. (2018) · Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico · doi:10.5209/esmp.59980 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tao, Y., Boukes, M., & Schuck, A. R. T. (2024) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2024.2345681 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chabot, R., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Proceedings of the Annual Conference of CAIS / Actes du congrès annuel de l ACSI · doi:10.29173/cais1172 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Krispil, O., & Lev-on, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2026.1779335 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Role of Communication in Redressing Health Disparities: Mobilizing Public Support and Action
Lee, C., Bigman, C. A., Choi, S., & Zhao, X. (2022) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502221078408 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abunahel, M. M. A., & S., S. M. (2026) · ShodhVichar Journal of Media and Mass Communication · doi:10.29121/shodhvichar.v2.i1.2026.71 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Online-Kommunikation politischer Akteure
Emmer, M. (2018) · Springer Reference Sozialwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18017-1_14-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
王, 颖., & 时, 伟. (2023) · Global Journal of Media Studies · doi:10.26599/gjms.2023.9330041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The dark side of news consumption:
Segado‐Boj, F., & Vivó, J. M. N. (2025) · Tripodos · doi:10.51698/tripodos.2025.57.02 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Viral Ice Buckets: A Memetic Perspective on the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge’s Diffusion
Schlaile, M. P., Knausberg, T., Mueller, M., & Zeman, J. (2020) · Economic complexity and evolution · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59955-3_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peach, R. J. (2018) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.116594
How Consumers Respond to Editorial Communication Strategies
Brandão, A., & Machado, S. M. (2019) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8575-6.ch020
Reassembling health news : a mixed methods investigation of health news sources in Flanders
Stroobant, J. (2018) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)
Alqadi, M. M., & Quda, M. A. A. (2021) · LINGUISTICA ANTVERPIENSIA
Usos políticos de las fake news en el contexto de las protestas de 2021 en Cuba
Alfonso, L. M., Sánchez, L. L., & Rodríguez, D. (2023) · Observatorio (OBS*) · doi:10.15847/obsobs17220232138
The digital whisperer: deciphering topics and sentiments towards ChatGPT on X (Twitter)
Zhang, T., & Lei, L. (2026) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-05-2024-0338
Krispil, O., & Lev‐On, A. (2026) · International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment · doi:10.1109/icedeg70169.2026.11695526
- Authors
- Jang, S. M., Park, Y. J., & Lee, H.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina, USA
- Howard University (US)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Venue
- Journalism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-08-30
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1292-1308
- ISSN
- 1464-8849 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3001
- OpenAlex
- W2514812193
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 13.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journalism (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Studies and Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- Ice Bucket Challenge, agenda setting, intermedia agenda setting, issue-attention cycle, social media, mainstream media, public debate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review