Answer First or Google First? Using the Internet in ways that Enhance, not Impair, One’s Subsequent Retention of Needed Information

“Additionally, the Internet has become a convenient way to offload information that we think we may need in the future, rather than trying to store such information in our own memories (Clark & Chalmers, 1998; Nestojko et al., 2013; Risko & Gilbert, 2016).”

“Research has suggested that people tend to rely on the Internet to store and access information in a way that may reduce the extent to which they store that information internally (Marsh & Rajaram, 2019; Sparrow et al., 2011).”

“Additionally, the Internet has become a convenient way to offload information that we think we may need in the future, rather than trying to store such information in our own memories (Clark & Chalmers, 1998; Nestojko et al., 2013; Risko & Gilbert, 2016).”

“…the association between prior knowledge and new learning, see also work on the expertise reversal effect, e.g., Cooper et al., 2001, exper-iment 4; Kalyuga, 2007; Leppink et al., 2012; McNamara, 2001; see also Carpenter et al., 2016; Karpicke et al., 2014 for research work on the relationship…”

“…research demonstrating the learning benefits of guided discovery (e.g., de Jong and van Joolingen, 1998) and problem-solving attempts prior to instruction (cf. Productive Failure: Kapur, 2010; Kapur & Bielaczyc, 2012; Invention Studies: Roll et al., 2009; Roll et al., 2012; Schwartz & Martin, 2004).”

“…effect ; see Szpunar et al., 2013; Szpunar et al., 2008; Wissman et al., 2011), but also strengthened their memory traces of the recalled information itself (i.e., the testing effect ; see Agarwal et al., 2008; Butler, 2010; Hinze et al., 2013; McDaniel et al., 2007; Roediger & Karpicke, 2006).”

“…the learning content as opposed to simply testing memory for identical pretested factual questions; see Carpenter et al., 2018; Geller et al., 2017; McDaniel et al., 2011; but see Carpenter & Toftness, 2017; Little & Bjork, 2016), or that such benefits were relatively limited in scope (e.g.,…”

“…to simply testing memory for identical pretested factual questions; see Carpenter et al., 2018; Geller et al., 2017; McDaniel et al., 2011; but see Carpenter & Toftness, 2017; Little & Bjork, 2016), or that such benefits were relatively limited in scope (e.g., Hausman & Rhodes, 2018; James &…”

“Research on “think-before-search” paradigms shows that generating answers before consulting ex-ternal resources yields superior recall compared with immediate lookup [5, 6], underscoring the importance of preserving productive struggle.”