The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Effectiveness of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Programs: A Review of Psychological, Medical, Legal, and Community Outcomes
Abstract
In sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) programs, specially trained forensic nurses provide 24-hour-a-day, first-response medical care and crisis intervention to rape survivors in either hospitals or clinic settings. This article reviews the empirical literature regarding the effectiveness of SANE programs in five domains:(a) promoting the psychological recovery of survivors, (b) providing comprehensive and consistent postrape medical care (e.g., emergency contraception, sexually transmitted disease [STD] prophylaxis), (c) documenting the forensic evidence of the crime completely and accurately, (d) improving the prosecution of sexual assault cases by providing better forensics and expert testimony, and (e) creating community change by bringing multiple service providers together to provide comprehensive care to rape survivors. Preliminary evidence suggests that SANE programs are effective in all domains, but such conclusions are tentative because most published studies have not included adequate methodological controls to rigorously test the effectiveness of SANE programs. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
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In the citing paper
“Individuals who received a SA exam from a SANE reported feeling believed and listened to and may be more likely to receive a complete medical exam compared to those who receive non-SANE care (Campbell et al., 2005).”
From “Having One Person Tell Me I Didn’t Do the Wrong Thing”: The Impact of Support on the Post-Sexual Assault Exam Experience (2024) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Receiving a SA exam from Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANEs), nurses that receive specialized training in trauma-informed care and forensic evidence collection, may be an important step in connecting individuals with positive support following a SA exam.”
From “Having One Person Tell Me I Didn’t Do the Wrong Thing”: The Impact of Support on the Post-Sexual Assault Exam Experience (2024) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Campbell et al.’s (2005) review found that SA patients who receive care from SANEs feel believed, in control, and informed while SA patients who receive care from untrained providers may experience secondary victimization and further invalidation (Littel, 2001).”
From “Having One Person Tell Me I Didn’t Do the Wrong Thing”: The Impact of Support on the Post-Sexual Assault Exam Experience (2024) · cites this paper as Campbell et al.’s (2005)
In the citing paper
“Even though studies have highlighted the benefits of receiving a SA exam by a SANE, such as feeling believed, receiving more medical care, having more thorough evidence collection, and having more engagement with the criminal justice system (Campbell, Bybee et al., 2012; Campbell et al., 2005)”
From “Having One Person Tell Me I Didn’t Do the Wrong Thing”: The Impact of Support on the Post-Sexual Assault Exam Experience (2024) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2005
Citations
Cites
Rape in America : a report to the nation
Kilpatrick, D. G. (1992) · CTIT technical reports series · Cited by 671
Preventing the “Second Rape”: Rape Survivors' Experiences With Community Service Providers
CAMPBELL, R., WASCO, S. M., AHRENS, C. E., SEFL, T., & BARNES, H. E. (2001) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626001016012002 · Cited by 640
Self-citationCampbell, R., & Raja, S. (1999) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.14.3.261 · Cited by 484
Self-citation(2000) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/s0099-1767(00)70045-6 · Cited by 354
Prosecutorial Justifications for Sexual Assault Case Rejection: Guarding the "Gateway to Justice"
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Self-citationCommunity services for rape survivors: Enhancing psychological well-being or increasing trauma?
Campbell, R., Sefl, T., Barnes, H. E., Ahrens, C. E., Wasco, S. M., & Zaragoza-Diesfeld, Y. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.67.6.847 · Cited by 294
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Rape Work: Victims, Gender, and Emotions in Organization and Community Context
Leane, M. (2006) · Community Development Journal · doi:10.1093/cdj/bsl005 · Cited by 224
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
An ecological model of the impact of sexual assault on women's mental health
Campbell, R., Dworkin, E., & Cabral, G. (2009) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838009334456 · Cited by 997
Self-citationThe psychological impact of rape victims.
Campbell, R. (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.8.702 · Cited by 390
Self-citationTalking about sexual assault: Society's response to survivors.
Ullman, S. E. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12083-000 · Cited by 382
Maier, S. L. (2008) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801208320245 · Cited by 250
The Criminal Justice System’s Response to Sexual Violence
Spohn, C., & Tellis, K. (2012) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801212440020 · Cited by 230
Metadata
- Authors
- Campbell, R., Patterson, D., & Lichty, L. F.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Venue
- Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 313-329
- ISSN
- 1524-8380 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8324
- OpenAlex
- W2165798400
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 18.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trauma Violence & Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- sexual assault nurse examiners, rape victims, forensic nursing, emergency contraception, expert testimony, psychological recovery, community-based care, program effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Counseling, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Forensic Medicine, Humans, Male, Nurse-Patient Relations, Nursing Diagnosis, Nursing Service, Hospital, Rape, United States, Program Evaluation, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Crime Victims, Nurse's Role
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