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The Effectiveness of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Programs: A Review of Psychological, Medical, Legal, and Community Outcomes
Abstract
In sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) programs, specially trained forensic nurses provide 24-hour-a-day, first-response medical care and crisis intervention to rape survivors in either hospitals or clinic settings. This article reviews the empirical literature regarding the effectiveness of SANE programs in five domains:(a) promoting the psychological recovery of survivors, (b) providing comprehensive and consistent postrape medical care (e.g., emergency contraception, sexually transmitted disease [STD] prophylaxis), (c) documenting the forensic evidence of the crime completely and accurately, (d) improving the prosecution of sexual assault cases by providing better forensics and expert testimony, and (e) creating community change by bringing multiple service providers together to provide comprehensive care to rape survivors. Preliminary evidence suggests that SANE programs are effective in all domains, but such conclusions are tentative because most published studies have not included adequate methodological controls to rigorously test the effectiveness of SANE programs. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
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In the citing paper
“Individuals who received a SA exam from a SANE reported feeling believed and listened to and may be more likely to receive a complete medical exam compared to those who receive non-SANE care (Campbell et al., 2005).”
From “Having One Person Tell Me I Didn’t Do the Wrong Thing”: The Impact of Support on the Post-Sexual Assault Exam Experience (2024) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Receiving a SA exam from Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANEs), nurses that receive specialized training in trauma-informed care and forensic evidence collection, may be an important step in connecting individuals with positive support following a SA exam.”
From “Having One Person Tell Me I Didn’t Do the Wrong Thing”: The Impact of Support on the Post-Sexual Assault Exam Experience (2024) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Campbell et al.’s (2005) review found that SA patients who receive care from SANEs feel believed, in control, and informed while SA patients who receive care from untrained providers may experience secondary victimization and further invalidation (Littel, 2001).”
From “Having One Person Tell Me I Didn’t Do the Wrong Thing”: The Impact of Support on the Post-Sexual Assault Exam Experience (2024) · cites this paper as Campbell et al.’s (2005)
In the citing paper
“Even though studies have highlighted the benefits of receiving a SA exam by a SANE, such as feeling believed, receiving more medical care, having more thorough evidence collection, and having more engagement with the criminal justice system (Campbell, Bybee et al., 2012; Campbell et al., 2005)”
From “Having One Person Tell Me I Didn’t Do the Wrong Thing”: The Impact of Support on the Post-Sexual Assault Exam Experience (2024) · cites this paper as Campbell et al., 2005
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Zweig, J. M., Farrell, L., Walsh, K., & Yu, L. (2020) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801220949696 · Cited by 22
A Review of Rape in the Social Work Literature
McMahon, S., & Schwartz, R. (2011) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109911417683 · Cited by 22
An Innovative Trauma-Informed Curriculum for Sexual Assault Care
Nathan, S. F., & Ferrara, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20200520-07 · Cited by 21
The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women
Cheung, F. M., & Halpern, D. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Campbell, R., Patterson, D., & Lichty, L. F.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Venue
- Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 313-329
- ISSN
- 1524-8380 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-8324
- OpenAlex
- W2165798400
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 18.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trauma Violence & Abuse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- sexual assault nurse examiners, rape victims, forensic nursing, emergency contraception, expert testimony, psychological recovery, community-based care, program effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Counseling, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Forensic Medicine, Humans, Male, Nurse-Patient Relations, Nursing Diagnosis, Nursing Service, Hospital, Rape, United States, Program Evaluation, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Crime Victims, Nurse's Role
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