The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 21 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress
Open accessAbstract
Both dispositional mindfulness and mindfulness-based interventions have been found to be associated with less psychological distress. The current study investigated three mechanisms by which mindfulness might exert its beneficial effects: emotion regulation, nonattachment, and reduced rumination. Correlational self-report data were collected from two independent, nonclinical samples of undergraduates. Structural equation modeling was then used to test the role of these three mechanisms in mediating the relationship between mindfulness and a psychological distress factor, consisting of measures for depressive and anxious symptomatology. The model was respecified based on the first sample and retested in the second sample. Results confirmed an inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress. Furthermore, emotion regulation, nonattachment, and rumination significantly mediated this relationship. © 2008 SAGE Publications.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study examined whether emotion regulation, nonattachment, and rumination mediate the inverse association between dispositional mindfulness and psychological distress. Across two independent undergraduate samples, structural equation modeling supported mediation, with rumination accounting for the largest portion of mindfulness’s indirect effect on distress.
Key findings
- Mindfulness was inversely related to psychological distress; latent correlations were −.43 in Sample 1 and −.58 in Sample 2, and all latent correlations were significant at p < .001.
- The respecified model explained 50% of the variance in psychological distress in Sample 1 and 52% in Sample 2.
- Rumination mediated the largest share of mindfulness’s indirect effect on distress (47% in Sample 1, 52% in Sample 2), followed by emotion regulation (43%, 40%) and nonattachment (10%, 8%).
- The direct path from mindfulness to distress was not significant in Sample 1 but was significant in Sample 2, leaving it unclear whether mediation was full or partial.
Methods
- Two independent nonclinical undergraduate samples: Sample 1 had 197 participants (64.5% female; mean age 18.9, SD = 0.94), and Sample 2 had 249 participants (66% female; mean age 18.75, SD = 1.2). Data were collected via paper-and-pencil questionnaires in groups of 20 to 50.
- Measures included the MAAS for mindfulness, the TMMS Repair subscale for emotion regulation, the Linking Inventory for nonattachment, the RRQ Rumination subscale, and BSI depression and anxiety subscales for psychological distress.
- Structural equation modeling was conducted in LISREL 8.51; the original model was respecified to add direct paths from mindfulness to rumination and from emotion regulation to rumination, then retested in Sample 2 and with a multigroup analysis.
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: the tested model may be one of several models that fit the data equally well, and the data cannot definitively prove the relationships or causality; experimental manipulation and other methodologies are needed.
- Stated by the authors: it remains ambiguous whether the mediators fully or partially mediate the mindfulness–distress link, given the differing significance of the direct path across samples and possible sample-specific variance.
- Evident from the text: the design is cross-sectional and correlational, so temporal ordering and causal direction cannot be established; the samples are nonclinical undergraduates, limiting generalizability; and emotion regulation and nonattachment each relied on a single measure, with measurement error approximated from internal consistency rather than modeled with multiple indicators.
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Claims the paper makes
24 Own result · 17 Own interpretation · 15 Own method · 6 No full text of the sources · 4 Sources not found · 4 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rumination mediated the largest percentage of mindfulness' indirect impact on psychological distress in both samples”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, emotion regulation, nonattachment, and rumination significantly mediated this relationship.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, emotion regulation, nonattachment, and rumination significantly mediated this relationship.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results confirmed an inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The original model proved to be a poor fit to the data.It produced a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of .12(90% confidence interval [CI] = 0.083-0.15;standardized root mean square residual (RMR) = .080;χ 2 = 54.11;degree of freedom [df] = 15; p < .0001).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Testing the Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An examination of the measurement model, consisting of the two MAAS item parcels, the two RRQ Rumination item parcels, and the Psychological distress factor, revealed that the factor structure was an acceptable fit for the data (RMSEA = 0.057;, standardized RMR = .02;χ 2 = 9.87; df = 6; p = .13).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Testing the Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, emotion regulation, nonattachment, and rumination significantly mediated this relationship.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three mediators in the model were all directly associated with each other.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As hypothesized, increased mindfulness was associated with an increased ability to manage negative emotion.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The respecified model proved to be an acceptable fit in Sample 2. It produced an RMSEA of 0.072 (90% CI = 0.037-0.11;standardized RMR = .032;χ 2 = 29.53;df = 13; p = .0055).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Model Replication
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Using the MAAS and other measures for mindfulness, Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, and Toney (2006) also found negative correlations between dispositional mindfulness and psychological distress and positive correlations between dispositional mindfulness and measures of positive adjustment.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown & Ryan, 2003 source
- Supportedcites Baer et al., 2006 source
The table in “Mindfulness Measures and Other Variables: Convergent and Discriminant Correlations” (p. 6) reports negative correlations between all five mindfulness questionnaires and psychological symptoms, and positive correlations with self-compassion, a measure of positive adjustment. The paper identifies the MAAS as one of those questionnaires (Results and Discussion, p. 5). (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The square root transformation produced BSI Depression distributions with a skew of .12 in Sample 1 and a skew of .03 in Sample 2.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Results
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is therefore unclear whether mindfulness exerts its hypothesized influence on psychological distress exclusively by affecting more proximal variables, which then affect psychological distress, or whether some portion of mindfulness' beneficial impact on psychological distress is a result of mindfulness alone, independent of its impact on other mechanisms that beneficially influence”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
hedgedconditionaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The respecified model proved to be a good fit to the data.It produced an RMSEA of 0.047 (90% CI = 0.0-0.092;standardized RMR = .031;χ 2 = 18.73; df = 13; p = .13).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Testing the Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All parameter estimates were significant at less than the .02level, with the exception of the direct effect from emotion regulation to rumination in the first sample (z = -2.00;p < .05)and the direct effect from mindfulness to psychological distress in the first sample (z = -1.07;not significant).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1 presents the bivariate correlations and descriptive statistics, in both samples, for the seven indicator variables.All correlations were statistically significant (p < .01)and in the expected direction.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The square root transformation produced BSI Anxiety distributions with skews of .06 and .02 in Samples 1 and 2, respectively.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, rumination has been found to mediate this relationship, such that when attachments are unfulfilled, people are more likely to ruminate, which then influences happiness (McIntosh & Martin, 1992).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Mechanism of Action
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites McIntosh & Martin, 1992
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model was respecified based on the first sample and retested in the second sample.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Jain et al. (2007) found that although mindfulness meditation and somatic relaxation were both associated with decreased self-reported psychological distress, only mindfulness meditation reduced rumination.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Mechanism of Action
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jain et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some treatment outcome researchers have suggested that mindfulness improves emotion regulation by helping one recognize that distressing thoughts are not always accurate representations of reality (Linehan, 1993;Teasdale, 1999;Teasdale, Segal, & Williams, 1995).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Mechanism of Action
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Linehan, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Teasdale, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 1995 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This finding is consistent with the theoretical rationale for mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, a mindfulness-based intervention, which posits that mindfulness decreases risk for depression because it assists individuals in viewing their thoughts and feelings as impermanent mental events.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Mechanism of Action
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 1995 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an experimental study, participants who engaged in a mindful breathing exercise reported less negative affect and a greater willingness to view highly negative pictures than did participants in other experimental conditions (Arch & Craske, 2006).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Mechanism of Action
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Arch & Craske, 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, their inability to manage negative affect may contribute to a tendency to view their happiness as contingent on external circumstances, which is also associated with increased rumination.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The relationships among mindfulness, emotion regulation, nonattachment, rumination, and psychological distress are causal in the direction specified by the model.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, Cronbach's alpha measure for internal consistency of the MAAS was .87 in Sample 1 and .87 in Sample 2.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the measures for mindfulness (i.e., the MAAS) and rumination (i.e., the RRQ Rumination) were each divided into item parcels, such that the first half of each scale was treated as one indicator for the factor while the second half of the scale was treated as a second indicator for the factor.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Testing the Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model indicates that anxious and depressed individuals are more likely to be ruminating and struggling to manage their affect with constructive thoughts.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The relationships among mindfulness, emotion regulation, nonattachment, rumination, and psychological distress are causal in the direction specified by the model.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas nonattachment is associated with psychological distress because it leads to less rumination, which in turn decreases psychological distress.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The relationships among mindfulness, emotion regulation, nonattachment, rumination, and psychological distress are causal in the direction specified by the model.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the difference in the significance of this pathway may reflect the presence of sample-specific variance.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
hedgedconditionaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The two samples are demographically similar.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Creating item parcels allowed computation of measurement error for the mindfulness and rumination factors and inserted additional degrees of freedom into the model, thereby creating a more rigorous test of the model while preserving degrees of freedom appropriate to the sample size.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Testing the Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although several possible outliers were identified in each sample, exclusion of these participants did not appreciably alter the model fit.For this reason, none of the participants were excluded as outliers in either sample.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Results
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several transformations were tested for their impact on skew, including natural log; however, the square root transformation most effectively reduced skew in these variables.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for anxiety: α 1 = .79;α 2 = .78.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Emotion regulation.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency: α 1 = .92;α 2 = .89.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Emotion regulation.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The factor loadings and path estimates were fixed to be invariant across the two samples to examine whether the constructs being measured were similar in both samples and whether the relationships among these constructs were similar.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Model Replication
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“interventions designed to increase mindfulness improve psychological adjustment (see, e.g., Davidson et al., 2003;Kabat-Zinn et al., 1992;Teasdale et al., 2000).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A primary limitation of this study is that the present model may be one of several possible models that fit the data equally well.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, skill at emotion regulation and level of rumination directly affect depressive and anxious symptomatology”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The relationships among mindfulness, emotion regulation, nonattachment, rumination, and psychological distress are causal in the direction specified by the model.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, mindfulness skills alone may effect some change in these variables.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Past research has found that mindfulness is associated with positive psychological adjustment (Brown & Ryan, 2003)”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown & Ryan, 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency: α 1 = .79;α 2 = .81.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Emotion regulation.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The additional finding of a direct association between mindfulness and rumination is consistent with research indicating that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be a powerful prophylactic for the recurrence of depression (Teasdale et al., 2000)”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The measures for mindfulness and rumination had internal reliabilities greater than .80(unlike the measures for nonattachment and emotion regulation) and a sufficient number of items to split the scales (unlike the measure for emotion regulation).”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Testing the Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency: α 1 = .73;α 2 = .80.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Emotion regulation.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for depression: α 1 = .89;α 2 = .86.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Emotion regulation.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The mechanism by which mindfulness influences psychological distress remains unclear.
“Despite the evidence that increasing mindfulness decreases psychological distress and the demonstrated relationship betweens dispositional mindfulness and psychological adjustment, the mechanism by which mindfulness has its effect on adjustment remains unclear.”
“In summary, research supports an inverse relationship between mindfulness and psychological distress, but the mechanisms by which mindfulness might influence psychological distress remain unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The modeled causal direction, in which mindfulness influences emotion regulation, nonattachment, and rumination, which in turn influence psychological distress, is correct.
“Mindfulness was hypothesized to be directly associated with emotion regulation and nonattachment, such that greater mindfulness would be associated with an increased ability to regulate negative affect and a diminished sense that one's happiness is a function of specific external events and circumstances.”
“Both the ability to regulate negative emotion and rumination were expected to directly influence psychological distress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is an important void in the growing research literature on mindfulness regarding the mechanisms through which mindfulness exerts beneficial effects on psychological distress.
“The current study was undertaken to address an important void in the growing research literature on mindfulness; it examined potential mechanisms through which mindfulness might exert its beneficial effects on psychological distress, specifically depressive and anxious symptomatology.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationships among mindfulness, emotion regulation, nonattachment, rumination, and psychological distress are causal in the direction specified by the model.
“The pattern of relationships in these data is consistent with what one would expect to see if causal relationships do, in fact, exist among the variables in the model.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The two samples are demographically similar.
“and the demographic similarities between the two samples”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Because MP mitigates the impact of negative emotions, it frees up cognitive-affective resources to appreciate, reflect on and make meaning of difficult circumstances, and develop value-based goals (Coffey & Hartman, 2008).”
From Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery (2020) · cites this paper as Coffey & Hartman, 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MP facilitates awareness of thoughts, emotions, and sensations, allowing for their differentiation, so coping strategies can be more targeted and flexible, revealing problems and issues to be addressed, such as anger that masks fear and anxiety.”
From Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery (2020) · cites this paper as Coffey & Hartman, 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although past empirical studies indicate a link between trait mindfulness, emotion regulation strategies, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in both clinical [22, 23] and nonclinical populations [35–38]”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with increased well-being [11] and reduction in psychological distress [11,12].”
From Association of mindfulness to resilience, anxiety, and depressive symptoms after spinal cord injury-a correlational study (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“It appears that one of the possible mechanisms through which DM does this is by improving emotional regulation (Coffey and Hartman 2008; de Frias 2014; Feldman et al. 2016; Kadziolka et al. 2016; McDonald et al. 2016; Prakash et al. 2015).”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Coffey and Hartman 2008
In the citing paper
“two studies have found that rumination does mediate the link between DM and depressive symptoms (Alleva et al. 2014) and psychological distress (Coffey and Hartman 2008).”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Coffey and Hartman 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Results
“Table 1 presents the bivariate correlations and descriptive statistics, in both samples, for the seven indicator variables.”
§ Mechanisms of Action in the Inverse Relationship Between Mindfulness and Psychological Distress > Discussion
“| 6. MAAS | .27/.18 | .28/.22 | -.49/-.41 | -.36/-.41 | -.36/-.48 | 1.00 | | M |”
Citations
Cites
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448
Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 · Cited by 8,615 · cited 1×
“Rather, it relies on the universal human capacity to pay attention (Brown & Ryan, 2003; Kabat-Zinn, 2003).”
BackgroundMindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016 · Cited by 8,612
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 2×
“Of these five factors, the MAAS is most closely related to the Acting with Awareness factor (Baer et al., 2006).”
Background(1993) · Cited by 7,136
The brief symptom inventory: an introductory report.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700048017 · Cited by 6,650
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Cary, G. L. (1994) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1994.48.1.155 · Cited by 6,299
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3 · Cited by 4,255
Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701598298 · Cited by 3,654
Review of personality and social psychology
Davies, M. (1983) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(83)90072-7 · Cited by 3,394
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Samani, M. N. (2017) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
The Nature of the Relationship between Attachment and Mindfulness
Pepping, C. A. (2013) · Griffith Research Online · doi:10.25904/1912/1325
The Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in the Relationship of Mindfulness with Depressive Symptoms
Sibghat-ullah, W., & Batool, I. (2018) · Peshawar Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (PJPBS) · doi:10.32879/picp.2018.4.1.55 · Cited by 2
Kittsteiner, J., Hoja, S., & Jansen, P. (2018) · Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln · doi:10.15495/ojs_25678221_21_60
Mindfulness-based therapies for rumination
Borders, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812545-8.00011-5
Integrative Jungian Psychotherapy for Anxiety and OCD
Machado, S. (2020) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167820926828
“Additionally, research suggests that mindfulness fosters cognitive flexibility and affect regulation (Coffey & Hartman, 2008; S. L. Shapiro et al., 2006), and brain scan research shows it is soothing to the nervous sys-tem (Creswell et al., 2007).”
THE STRUCTURE AND MODELS OF MINDFULNESS
Medintsov, I. (2020) · Молодий вчений · doi:10.32839/2304-5809/2020-8-84-42
Pescatello, M. S., & Pedersen, T. R. (2020) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51618-5_9
Blake, S. G. (2013) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)
Pino, O., Giucastro, G., & Crespi, R. (2020) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2020-003004
A Ray of Hope: Resilience Amidst Uncertainty and Other Psycho-Social Issues during COVID-19 Pandemic
Shuja, K. H., Mubeen, A., & Tariq, S. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.99154
“It also reduces the effect of negative feelings thus releasing cognitive and emotional resources to make meaning, reflect and appreciate the difficult event and to establish value-based goals [71].”
BackgroundEmotion dysregulation as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and depression
Jacobs, A. (2013) · CommonKnowledge Research Repository (Pacific University Oregon)
Dispositional Mindfulness in Context: Cultural and Individual Perspectives
Karl, J. A. (2021) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16892419
الصبوة, أ. م. ج. م. ن. (2022) · المجلة المصرية لعلم النفس الإکلينيکي والإرشادي · doi:10.21608/pshj.2022.250034
Bennett, P. L. (2010) · DECP Debate · doi:10.53841/bpsdeb.2010.1.136.38
ประสบการณ์ของนักจิตวิทยาการปรึกษาที่มีการฝึกสติ: การวิจัยแบบสร้างทฤษฎีจากข้อมูล
เจตมโนรมย์, ส., & เต้พันธ์, ณ. (2019) · Chula Digiverse · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2019.772
Jorge, G. M. N., Laura, B. V. M., & Isabel, E. C. (2024) · doi:10.31428/10317/2338
Лю, С., & Большакова, Т. (2024) · Перспективи та інновації науки · doi:10.52058/2786-4952-2024-3(37)-401-414
Varlık, S., & Varlık, F. (2024) · International Online Journal of Primary Education · doi:10.55020/iojpe.1423251
Toprak, M., & Ay, E. (2024) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2024.2414833
“Limited studies on the subject show that emotional expressivity is positively associated with addictive behaviors (Atadokht et al., 2015; Coffey and Hartman, 2008; Erdogan et al., 2021; Gardner et al., 2008; Schreiber et al., 2012).”
Bhattacharjee, A., Chetry, S., & Ojha, S. C. (2025) · Environment and Social Psychology · doi:10.59429/esp.v9i11.3129
Tarhan, N., Demirsoy, Ç., & Tutgun-Ünal, A. (2025) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint6010019
Rôle médiateur des fonctions exécutives entre la présence attentive et la santé psychologique
Gouin, S., Lachance, L., Grégoire, S., Cournoyer, L., McKinnon, S., & Richer, L. (2025) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1117751ar
Evaluating the immediate impacts of brief mindfulness versus lovingkindness meditation
Forsyth, J. P. (2016) · Scholars Archive - University at Albany (University at Albany, State University of New York) · doi:10.54014/6svc-tc1h
Mindfulness in Academics: The Catalyst to Foster Well-Being Among Students
Sanyal, N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-4210-6_16
Chatterjee, B., Biswas, K., & Chatterjee, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Health Informatics · doi:10.63682/fhi2341 · Cited by 1
Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS)
Medvedeva, A., & Medvedev, O. N. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_13 · Cited by 1
Medvedev, O. N., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00353-9_3
Mindfulness as a mediator between psychological distress and well-being among university students
Meda-Lara, R. M., Restrepo, J. E., Gómez-Tabares, A. S., & Juárez-Rodríguez, P. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2604269
Bartlett, L., Puri, R., Neil, A. L., Hassed, C. S., & Hohwy, J. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02772-3
Sheikh, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000926
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The longitudinal mediating role of mindfulness between non-attachment and fragility of happiness
Gülgün, U. Z. U. N. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09941-6
“Coffey and Hartman ( 2008 ) argue that individuals with a high level of mindfulness engage with their current experiences without imposing any expectations or conditions on them.”
Mindfulness, meaningful school, and eustress: Examining a longitudinal mediating relationship
Oral, T. (2026) · Educational Research and Reviews · doi:10.5897/err2026.4531
Mouatassim, S., Callahan, S., & Chassagne, J. F. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.114083
Mindfulness and Stress in The Elderly: Identifying Potential Mediators
Hussain, M. (2014) · The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)
Conditional Goal-Setting as a Mediator in the Relationship between Mindfulness and Well-Being
Fina, A. D. (2014) · Journal of Collective Bargaining in the Academy
Metadata
- Authors
- Coffey, K. A., & Hartman, M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Venue
- Complementary Health Practice Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 79-91
- ISSN
- 1533-2101 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1979392351
- Semantic Scholar
- b6075c0ebeccc12de361cb0168be49ea7728aac2
- Cited by
- 345
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 15.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Complementary health practice review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness, psychological distress, emotion regulation, non-attachment, rumination, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, mindfulness-based interventions, trait mindfulness, mediation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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