The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Error-Correction–Based Cointegration Tests for Panel Data
Open accessAbstract
This article describes a new Stata command called xtwest, which implements the four error-correction–based panel cointegration tests developed by Westerlund (2007). The tests are general enough to allow for a large degree of heterogeneity, both in the long-run cointegrating relationship and in the short-run dynamics, and dependence within as well as across the cross-sectional units.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data*
Westerlund, J. (2007) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x · Cited by 6,113
Self-citationAutomatic Lag Selection in Covariance Matrix Estimation
Newey, W., & West, K. (1994) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2297912 · Cited by 3,546
Error‐correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single‐equation Framework
Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. J., & Mestre, R. (1998) · Journal of Time Series Analysis · doi:10.1111/1467-9892.00091 · Cited by 2,330
THE POWER OF COINTEGRATION TESTS
Kremers, J., Ericsson, N. R., & Dolado, J. J. (1992) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.1992.tb00005.x · Cited by 1,331
Bootstrap unit root tests in panels with cross-sectional dependency
Chang, Y. (2003) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/s0304-4076(03)00214-8 · Cited by 368
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Charfeddine, L., & Kahia, M. (2019) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.010 · Cited by 1,012
Sharif, A., Raza, S. A., Öztürk, İ., & Afshan, S. (2018) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.052 · Cited by 746
Estimating Panel Time-Series Models with Heterogeneous Slopes
Eberhardt, M. (2012) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x1201200105 · Cited by 628
Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model
Chen, C., Pinar, M., & Stengos, T. (2020) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111295 · Cited by 487
Munir, Q., Lean, H. H., & Smyth, R. (2019) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104571 · Cited by 438
Carbon dioxide abatement in Africa: The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption
Nathaniel, S. P., & Iheonu, C. O. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.011 · Cited by 408
Is energy security a driver for economic growth? Evidence from a global sample
Le, T., & Nguyen, C. P. (2019) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.038 · Cited by 389
Trade openness and environmental quality: International evidence
Le, T., Chang, Y., & Park, D. (2016) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.030 · Cited by 374
Costantini, V., & Martini, C. (2009) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2009.09.013 · Cited by 364
ardl: Estimating autoregressive distributed lag and equilibrium correction models
Kripfganz, S., & Schneider, D. C. (2023) · The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata · doi:10.1177/1536867x231212434 · Cited by 356
Sarkodie, S. A. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2347-x · Cited by 347
Salim, R. A., Hassan, K., & Shafiei, S. (2014) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2014.05.001 · Cited by 332
Bélaïd, F., & Zrelli, M. H. (2019) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110929 · Cited by 321
Zheng, M., Feng, G., Jiang, R., & Chang, C. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3211 · Cited by 318
Ahmad, M., & Wu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113980 · Cited by 313
Ahmed, F., Kousar, S., Pervaiz, A., & Shabbir, A. (2021) · Borsa Istanbul Review · doi:10.1016/j.bir.2021.03.005 · Cited by 301
Chishti, M. Z., Ahmad, M., Rehman, A., & Khan, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126035 · Cited by 288
Ahmad, M., Zhao, Z.-Y., & Li, H. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.112 · Cited by 278
Does human capital matter for energy consumption in China?
Salim, R. A., Yao, Y., & Chen, G. (2017) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2017.05.016 · Cited by 258
Rauf, A., Liu, X., Amin, W., Öztürk, İ., Rehman, O. U., & Hafeez, M. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3052-5 · Cited by 245
Ehigiamusoe, K. U., & Lean, H. H. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05309-5 · Cited by 235
Vandenbussche, J., Vogel, U., & Detragiache, E. (2012) · Journal of money credit and banking · doi:10.1111/jmcb.12206 · Cited by 235
Ali, S., Yusop, Z., Kaliappan, S. R., & Chin, L. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-07768-7 · Cited by 225
Mngumi, F., Sun, S., Shair, F., & Waqas, M. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-19839-y · Cited by 224
RetractedAlvarado, R., Deng, Q. S., Tillaguango, B., Méndez, P., Bravo-Benavides, D., Chamba, J., Alvarado-Lopez, M. R., & Ahmad, M. (2020) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.119147 · Cited by 202
Fang, Z., & Chang, Y. (2016) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.03.020 · Cited by 196
Usman, A., Öztürk, İ., Naqvi, S. M. M. A., Ullah, S., & Javed, M. I. (2022) · Progress in Nuclear Energy · doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104220 · Cited by 196
Geopolitical risk and tourism: Evidence from dynamic heterogeneous panel models
Lee, C., Olasehinde‐Williams, G., & Akadırı, S. S. (2020) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2389 · Cited by 207
Shrestha, A., Mustafa, A. A., Htike, M. M., You, V., & Kakinaka, M. (2022) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.018 · Cited by 190
Global Energy Consumption in a Warming Climate
Cian, E. D., & Wing, I. S. (2017) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-017-0198-4 · Cited by 188
The relationship between urbanization and economic growth
Hà, N. M., & Nguyen, L. D. (2017) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/ijse-12-2016-0358 · Cited by 178
The Economic Returns to U.S. Public Agricultural Research
Alston, J. M., Andersen, M. A., James, J. S., & Pardey, P. G. (2011) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aar044 · Cited by 176
Impact of energy efficiency on CO2 Emissions: Empirical evidence from developing countries
Mirza, F. M., Sinha, A., Khan, J. R., Kalugina, O. A., & Zafar, M. W. (2022) · Gondwana Research · doi:10.1016/j.gr.2021.11.017 · Cited by 161
A Cointegration Analysis of Real GDP and CO2 Emissions in Transitional Countries
Mitić, P., Ivanović, O. M., & Zdravković, A. (2017) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9040568 · Cited by 157
Vural, G. (2021) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.072 · Cited by 157
Faisal, F., Azizullah, Tursoy, T., & Pervaiz, R. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-07582-w · Cited by 149
Jahanger, A., Zaman, U., Hossain, M. R., & Awan, A. (2023) · Geoscience Frontiers · doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101589 · Cited by 150
Fiscal sustainability using growth-maximizing debt targets
Checherita-Westphal, C. D., Hallett, A. H., & Rother, P. C. (2013) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2013.861590 · Cited by 143
Ahmad, M., Işık, C., Jabeen, G., Ali, T., Öztürk, İ., & Atchike, D. W. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144527 · Cited by 130
Vural, G. (2020) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101840 · Cited by 121
The energy–GDP nexus; addressing an old question with new methods
Coers, R., & Sanders, M. W. J. L. (2012) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2012.11.015 · Cited by 119
Usman, M. Z., Khalid, K., & Mehdi, M. A. (2021) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.012 · Cited by 119
Current Account Imbalances in the E uro A rea: Does Catching up Explain the Development?
Belke, A. H., & Dreger, C. (2013) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/roie.12016 · Cited by 118
Is there a Bubble in the Chinese Housing Market?
Dreger, C., & Zhang, Y. (2012) · Urban Policy and Research · doi:10.1080/08111146.2012.711248 · Cited by 118
The long-run and short-run impacts of remittances on financial development in developing countries
Fromentin, V. (2017) · The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2017.02.006 · Cited by 116
Determinants of foreign direct investment in BRICS- does renewable and non-renewable energy matter?
Azam, M., & Haseeb, M. (2021) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2021.100638 · Cited by 116
Public debt sustainability: An empirical study on OECD countries
Beqiraj, E., Fedeli, S., & Forte, F. (2018) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2018.10.002 · Cited by 114
Economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions: An analysis of Latin America and the Caribbean
Jardón, A., Kuik, O. J., & Tol, R. S. J. (2017) · Atmósfera · doi:10.20937/atm.2017.30.02.02 · Cited by 113
On the Price Elasticity of Demand for Patents*
de Rassenfosse, G., & de la Potterie, B. V. P. (2011) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00638.x · Cited by 109
Lu, W. (2017) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0259-9 · Cited by 108
Wang, T., Jian, S., Wang, J., & Yan, D. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133132 · Cited by 107
Testing the transport energy-environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the EU27 countries
Gil-Delgado, M. D. P. P.-R., Cruz, L., & Barata, E. (2017) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2017.01.003 · Cited by 106
Khan, Y., Hassan, T., Kırıkkaleli, D., Xiu-qin, Z., & Shukai, C. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17000-9 · Cited by 106
The determinants of tax revenue: A study of Southeast Asia
Hà, N. M., Minh, P. T., & Binh, Q. M. Q. (2022) · Cogent Economics & Finance · doi:10.1080/23322039.2022.2026660 · Cited by 106
Chandio, A. A., Jiang, Y., Amin, A., Ahmad, M., Akram, W., & Ahmad, F. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2021.1980378 · Cited by 106
Tiba, S., & Bélaïd, F. (2020) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104966 · Cited by 105
Becha, H., Kalai, M., Houidi, S., & Helali, K. (2025) · Journal of Economic Structures · doi:10.1186/s40008-025-00347-4 · Cited by 116
Nexus between Green Finance and Renewable Energy Development in China
Zheng, M., Du, Q., & Wang, Q. (2022) · Emerging Markets Finance and Trade · doi:10.1080/1540496x.2022.2119811 · Cited by 102
Ahmad, M., Zhao, Z., Irfan, M. F., & Mukeshimana, M. C. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04673-6 · Cited by 101
Energy intensity and green energy innovation: Checking heterogeneous country effects in the OECD
Chakraborty, S. K., & Mazzanti, M. (2019) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2019.12.002 · Cited by 100
Saqib, N. (2022) · Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja · doi:10.1080/1331677x.2022.2054454 · Cited by 98
He, J., Iqbal, W., & Su, F. (2023) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.04.010 · Cited by 98
Liddle, B. (2012) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2012.07.013 · Cited by 97
Income level and the emissions, energy, and growth nexus: Evidence from Asia and the Pacific
Le, T., & Quah, E. (2018) · International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.inteco.2018.03.002 · Cited by 96
Ridwan, M., Urbee, A. J., Voumik, L. C., Das, M. K., Rashid, M., & Esquivias, M. A. (2024) · Research in Globalization · doi:10.1016/j.resglo.2024.100223 · Cited by 96
Naqvi, S. A. A., Shah, S. A. R., Anwar, S., & Raza, H. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10485-w · Cited by 95
Shahzad, U., Elheddad, M., Swart, J., Ghosh, S., & Doğan, B. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3175 · Cited by 95
Zhang, X., Zhang, H., & Yuan, J. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05878-5 · Cited by 92
Residential energy environmental Kuznets curve in the EU-28
Gil-Delgado, M. D. P. P.-R., & Sánchez‐Braza, A. (2017) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.091 · Cited by 91
Hua, L., Sibt‐e‐Ali, M., Ayub, B., & Ullah, I. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-26553-w · Cited by 91
Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from 17 Taiwanese Industries
Lu, W. (2016) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su9010050 · Cited by 88
Alvarado, R., Tillaguango, B., López-Sánchez, M., Ponce, P., & Işık, C. (2021) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2021.01.015 · Cited by 89
Javed, A., Rapposelli, A., Khan, F. H., Javed, A., & Abid, N. (2024) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2024.123638 · Cited by 85
Do remittances promote economic growth in the Caribbean Community and Common Market?
Lim, S., & Simmons, W. O. (2014) · Journal of Economics and Business · doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2014.09.001 · Cited by 82
Chaudhry, I. S., Yin, W., Ali, S. A., Faheem, M., Abbas, Q., Farooq, F., & Rahman, S. U. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16087-4 · Cited by 82
Health expenditure and gross domestic product: causality analysis by income level
Rana, R. H., Alam, K., & Gow, J. (2019) · International Journal of Health Economics and Management · doi:10.1007/s10754-019-09270-1 · Cited by 81
Ali, S., Yusop, Z., Kaliappan, S. R., & Chin, L. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10845-6 · Cited by 81
Oil price and inflation dynamics in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
Nusair, S. A. (2019) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.208 · Cited by 79
The asymmetric impact of human capital on economic growth
Matoušek, R., & Tzeremes, N. (2019) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-019-01789-z · Cited by 78
Ahmad, M., Li, H., Anser, M. K., Rehman, A., Fareed, Z., Yan, Q., & Jabeen, G. (2020) · Energy & Environment · doi:10.1177/0958305x20949471 · Cited by 78
Sinha, M., & Sengupta, P. P. (2019) · Global Business Review · doi:10.1177/0972150919873839 · Cited by 77
Ambrose, B. W., Coulson, N. E., & Yoshida, J. (2013) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00500 · Cited by 77
Pandemics of the poor and banking stability
Lagoarde‐Segot, T., & Leoni, P. L. (2013) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.04.004 · Cited by 76
Huang, W., Saydaliev, H. B., IQBAL, W., & Irfan, M. F. (2022) · Climate Change Economics · doi:10.1142/s2010007822400103 · Cited by 76
Does Financial Development Affect Environmental Degradation? Evidence from the OECD Countries
Halkos, G., & Polemis, M. (2017) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.1976 · Cited by 76
Islamic Banking, Credit and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Evidence
Caporale, G. M., & Helmi, M. H. (2016) · International Journal of Finance & Economics · doi:10.1002/ijfe.1632 · Cited by 76
Ofori, E. K., Li, J., Gyamfi, B. A., Opoku‐Mensah, E., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118121 · Cited by 75
Energy consumption and income: A semiparametric panel data analysis
Phu Nguyen-van, B. (2009) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2009.08.017 · Cited by 75
Finance and growth in Africa: The broken link
Demetriades, P. O., & James, G. A. (2011) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2011.08.007 · Cited by 75
Dritsaki, M., & Dritsaki, C. (2023) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-023-01349-y · Cited by 72
Transmission channels of the resource curse in Africa: A time perspective
Henry, A. (2019) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2019.05.022 · Cited by 71
Does public investment stimulate private investment? Evidence for the euro area
Dreger, C., & Reimers, H. (2016) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2016.05.028 · Cited by 71
Dong, B., Wang, F., & Guo, Y. (2016) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2016.02.010 · Cited by 70
Ahmad, M., Jabeen, G., Irfan, M. F., Işık, C., & Rehman, A. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-12734-y · Cited by 67
Sun, C., Khan, A. A., Liu, Y., & Lei, N. (2022) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.027 · Cited by 67
Cao, L. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-22365-6 · Cited by 66
RetractedDoes green finance and institutional quality play an important role in air quality
Çitil, M., İlbasmış, M., Olanrewaju, V. O., Barut, A., Karaoğlan, S., & Ali, M. A. S. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-26016-2 · Cited by 66
Resource cursed or resource blessed? The role of investment and energy prices in G7 countries
Wei, H., Rizvi, S. K. A., Ahmad, F., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101663 · Cited by 65
How do currency misalignments’ threshold affect economic growth?
Couharde, C., & Sallenave, A. (2012) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2012.11.002 · Cited by 64
Fertility, economic growth, and human development causal determinants of the developed lifestyle
Hafner, K. A., & Mayer‐Foulkes, D. (2013) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.04.001 · Cited by 64
Metadata
- Authors
- Persyn, D., & Westerlund, J.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Persyn, Damiaan
- Venue
- The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 232-241
- ISSN
- 1536-867X (ISSN-L)
- 1536-8734
- OpenAlex
- W2112778351
- Cited by
- 770
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 26.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Stata Journal Promoting communications on statistics and Stata (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Keywords
- panel cointegration, error correction model, cross-sectional dependence, short-run dynamics, Stata software
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review