CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 17Substance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesIndigenous Health, Education, and RightsOpioid Use Disorder Treatment

Contingency management intervention targeting co-addiction of alcohol and drugs among American Indian adults: Design, methodology, and baseline data

Open access
Burduli, Ekaterina, Skalisky, Jordan, Hirchak, Katherine, Orr, Michael F, Foote, Albert, Granbois, Alexandria, Ries, Richard, Roll, John M +3 more·2018·Clinical Trials
DOI 10.1177/1740774518796151PMC PMC6218308
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND/AIMS: American Indian adults have some of the highest alcohol abstinence rates compared to the overall US population. Despite this, many American Indian people are more likely to concurrently use alcohol and illicit drugs and are less likely to participate and remain in outpatient treatment for alcohol and other drug use compared to the general US population. There is limited knowledge about effective interventions targeting alcohol and drug co-addiction among American Indian adults. Contingency management is a behavioral intervention designed to increase drug abstinence by offering monetary incentives in exchange for drug and alcohol negative urine samples. We aim to evaluate and describe a culturally tailored contingency management intervention to increase alcohol and other drug abstinence among American Indian adults residing in a Northern Plains reservation. METHODS: This 2 × 2 factorial, randomized controlled trial currently includes 114 American Indian adults with alcohol and/or drug dependence who are seeking treatment. Participants were randomized into one of four groups that received (1) contingency management for alcohol, (2) contingency management for other drug, (3) contingency management for both substances, or (4) no contingency management for either substance. We present descriptive, baseline data to characterize the sample and describe the modified contingency management approach that is specific to the community wherein this trial was being conducted. RESULTS: The sample is 49.1% male, with an average age of 35.8 years (standard deviation = 10.4 years). At baseline, 43.0% of the sample tested positive for ethyl glucuronide, 50.9% of participants self-reported methamphetamine as their most used drug, 36.8% self-reported cannabis, and 12.3% self-reported prescription opiates as their most used drug. Among randomized participants, 47.4% tested positive for cannabis, 28.1% tested positive for methamphetamine, 16.7% tested positive for amphetamines, and 2.1% tested positive for opiates. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to examine a culturally tailored contingency management intervention targeting co-addiction of two substances among American Indian adults. By establishing a tribal-university partnership to adapt, implement, and evaluate contingency management, we will increase the literature on evidence-based addiction treatments and research, while improving trust for addiction interventions among American Indian communities through ongoing collaboration. Moreover, results have implications for the use of contingency management as an intervention for co-addiction in any population.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/1740774518796151

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 73

  1. [2]Spicer P, Beals J, Croy C, The prevalence of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence in two American Indian populations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27: 1785– 1797. 14634495
  2. [4]Cunningham JK, Solomon TA and Muramoto ML. Alcohol use among Native Americans compared to whites: examining the veracity of the ‘Native American elevated alcohol consumption’ belief. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 160: 65– 75. 26868862
  3. [6]US Department of Health and Human Services. Trends in Indian Health 2014 Edition U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Indian Health Service, Office of Public Health Support, Division of Program Statistics, 2014.
  4. [7]Duran E Healing the soul wound: counseling with American Indian and other native peoples New York, NY: Teachers College Press, 2006.
  5. [8]Duran E and Duran B. Native American postcolonial psychology Albany, New York: State Univeristy of New York Press, 1995.
  6. [10]Naimi TS, Cobb N, Boyd D, Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost among American Indians and Alaska Natives—United States, 2001–2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008; 57: 938– 941. 18756193
  7. [11]Mitchell CM, Beals J, Novins DK, Drug use among two American Indian populations: prevalence of lifetime use and DSM-IV substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 69: 29– 41. 12536064
  8. [12]Beals J, Novins DK, Spicer P, Help seeking for substance use problems in two American Indian reservation populations. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57: 512– 520. 16603747
  9. [13]Beals J, Spicer P, Mitchell CM, Racial disparities in alcohol use: Comparison of 2 American Indian reservation populations with national data. Am J Public Health 2003; 93: 1683– 1685. 14534221 PMC1448033
  10. [14]Midanik LT, Tam TW and Weisner C. Concurrent and simultaneous drug and alcohol use: results of the 2000 National Alcohol Survey. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 90: 72– 80. 17446013 PMC2043125
  11. [17]Feldstein SW, Venner KL and May PA. American Indian/Alaska Native alcohol-related incarceration and treatment. Am Indian Alsk Native Ment Health Res 2006; 13: 1– 22. PMC2911353 17602406
  12. [18]Callaghan RC. Risk factors associated with dropout and readmission among First Nations individuals admitted to an inpatient alcohol and drug detoxification program. CMAJ 2003; 169: 23– 27. 12847035 PMC164938
  13. [19]Greenfield BL and Venner KL. Review of substance use disorder treatment research in Indian country: Future directions to strive toward health equity. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2012; 38: 483– 492. 22931083
  14. [20]O’Malley SS, Robin RW, Levenson AL, Naltrexone alone and with sertraline for the treatment of alcohol dependence in Alaska natives and non-natives residing in rural settings: a randomized controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32: 1271– 1283. 18482155 PMC2746027
  15. [21]Woodall WG, Delaney HD, Kunitz SJ, A randomized trial of a DWI intervention program for first offenders: intervention outcomes and interactions with antisocial personality disorder among a primarily American-Indian sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31: 974– 987. 17403067
  16. [22]Gone J and Alcantara C. Identifying effective mental health interventions for American Indians and Alaska Natives: a review of the literature. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2007; 13: 356– 363. 17967104
  17. [23]Nebelkopf E, King J, Wright S, Growing roots: Native American evidence-based practices. J Psychoactive Drugs 2011; 43: 263– 268. 22400455
  18. [24]McDonell MG, Nepom JR, Leickly E, A culturally-tailored behavioral intervention trial for alcohol use disorders in three American Indian communities: rationale, design, and methods. Contemp Clinical Trials 2016; 47: 93– 100. PMC4818164 26706667
  19. [25]Bigelow GE and Silverman KE. Theoretical and empirical foundations of contingency management treatments for drug abuse. In: Higgins ST and Silverman KE (eds) Motivating behavior change among illicit-drug abusers: Research on contingency management interventions Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1999, pp. 15– 31.
  20. [26]Stanger C and Budney AJ. Contingency management approaches for adolescent substance use disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2010; 19: 547– 562. 20682220 PMC2916869
  21. [27]Higgins ST and Petry NM. Contingency management. Incentives for sobriety. Alcohol Res Health 1999; 23: 122– 127. 10890806 PMC6760431
  22. [28]Murphy SM, McDonell MG, McPherson S, An economic evaluation of a contingency-management intervention for stimulant use among community mental health patients with serious mental illness. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153: 293– 299. 26026494 PMC4509830
  23. [29]Olmstead TA and Petry NM. The cost-effectiveness of prize-based and voucher-based contingency management in a population of cocaine-or opioid-dependent outpatients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102: 108– 115. 19324501 PMC2679219
  24. [30]Olmstead TA, Sindelar JL, Easton CJ, The cost-effectiveness of four treatments for marijuana dependence. Addiction 2007; 102: 1443– 1453. 17645430 PMC2398724
  25. [31]Olmstead TA, Sindelar JL and Petry NM. Clinic variation in the cost-effectiveness of contingency management. Am J Addict 2007; 16: 457– 460. 18058410 PMC3072219
  26. [32]Olmstead TA, Sindelar JL and Petry NM. Cost-effectiveness of prize-based incentives for stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 87: 175– 182. 16971054 PMC1950254
  27. [33]Budney AJ, Stanger C, Tilford JM, Computer-assisted behavioral therapy and contingency management for cannabis use disorder. Psychol Addict Behav 2015; 29: 501– 511. 25938629 PMC4586287
  28. [34]Kurti AN, Davis D, Redner R, A review of the literature on remote monitoring technology in incentive-based interventions for health-related behavior change. Transl Issues Psychol Sci 2016; 2: 128– 152. 27777964 PMC5074560
  29. [35]Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE and Liebson I. Reinforcement of drug abstinence: A behavioral approach to drug abuse treatment. NIDA Res Monogr 1979; (25): 68– 90. 117377
  30. [36]Higgins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Incentives improve outcome in outpatient behavioral treatment of cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 568– 576. 8031230
  31. [37]Stitzer ML, Rand CS, Bigelow GE, Contingent payment procedures for smoking reduction and cessation. J Appl Behav Anal 1986; 19: 197– 202. 3733589 PMC1308058
  32. [38]Higgins ST, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Contingent methadone delivery: effects on illicit-opiate use. Drug Alcohol Depend 1986; 17: 311– 322. 3757767
  33. [39]Robles E, Stitzer ML, Strain EC, Voucher-based reinforcement of opiate abstinence during methadone detoxification. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002; 65: 179– 189. 11772479
  34. [40]Budney AJ, Higgins ST, Radonovich KJ, Adding voucher-based incentives to coping skills and motivational enhancement improves outcomes during treatment for marijuana dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 1051– 1061. 11142539
  35. [41]Kadden RM, Litt MD, Kabela-Cormier E, Abstinence rates following behavioral treatments for marijuana dependence. Addict Behav 2007; 32: 1220– 1236. 16996224 PMC1903379
  36. [42]Miller PM. A behavioral intervention program for chronic public drunkenness offenders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975; 32: 915– 918. 50828
  37. [44]Roll JM. Contingency management: an evidence-based component of methamphetamine use disorder treatments. Addiction 2007; 102: 114– 120. 17493060
  38. [47]Lussier JP, Heil SH, Mongeon JA, A meta-analysis of voucher-based reinforcement therapy for substance use disorders. Addiction 2006; 101: 192– 203. 16445548
  39. [48]Petry NM, Peirce JM, Stitzer ML, Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: a national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 1148– 1156. 16203960
  40. [49]Peirce JM, Petry NM, Stitzer ML, Effects of lower-cost incentives on stimulant abstinence in methadone maintenance treatment: A National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63: 201– 208. 16461864
  41. [50]Henggeler SW, Chapman JE, Rowland MD, Statewide adoption and initial implementation of contingency management for substance-abusing adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol 2008; 76: 556– 567. 18665685 PMC2603081
  42. [51]Pilling S, Strang J and Gerada C. Psychosocial interventions and opioid detoxification for drug misuse: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2007; 335: 203– 205. 17656545 PMC1934496
  43. [52]Helander A, Böttcher M, Fehr C, Detection times for urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in heavy drinkers during alcohol detoxification. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44: 55– 61. 18971292
  44. [53]Wurst FM and Metzger J. The ethanol conjugate ethyl glucuronide is a useful marker of recent alcohol consumption. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 2002; 26: 1114– 1119. 12170122
  45. [54]Litten RZ, Bradley AM and Moss HB. Alcohol biomarkers in applied settings: recent advances and future research opportunities. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34: 955– 967. 20374219
  46. [55]Helmus TC, Saules KK, Schoener EP, Reinforcement of counseling attendance and alcohol abstinence in a community-based dual-diagnosis treatment program: a feasibility study. Psychol Addict Behav 2003; 17: 249– 251. 14498820
  47. [56]Wurst FM, Kempter C, Metzger J, Ethyl glucuronide: a marker of recent alcohol consumption with clinical and forensic implications. Alcohol 2000; 20: 111– 116. 10719789
  48. [57]Wurst FM, Seidl S, Ladewig D, Ethyl glucuronide: on the time course of excretion in urine during detoxification. Addict Biol 2002; 7: 427– 434. 14578020
  49. [58]Wurst FM, Skipper GE and Weinmann W. Ethyl glucuronide—the direct ethanol metabolite on the threshold from science to routine use. Addiction 2003; 98: Suppl 2: 51– 61. 14984242
  50. [59]Wurst FM, Tabakoff B, Alling C, World Health Organization/International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism study on state and trait markers of alcohol use and dependence: back to the future. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29: 1268– 1275. 16088983
  51. [60]Wurst FM, Vogel R, Jachau K, Ethyl glucuronide discloses recent covert alcohol use not detected by standard testing in forensic psychiatric inpatients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27: 471– 476. 12658113
  52. [61]Skipper GE, Weinmann W, Thierauf A, Ethyl glucuronide: a biomarker to identify alcohol use by health professionals recovering from substance use disorders. Alcohol Alcohol 2004; 39: 445– 449. 15289206
  53. [62]Kip MJ, Spies CD, Neumann T, The usefulness of direct ethanol metabolites in assessing alcohol intake in nonintoxicated male patients in an emergency room setting. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32: 1284– 1291. 18540912
  54. [63]Sheehan D, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan H, The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59: Suppl 20: 22– 33; quiz 34–57. 9881538
  55. [64]Kosten T, Oliveto A, Feingold A, Desipramine and contingency management for cocaine and opiate dependence in buprenorphine maintained patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 70: 315– 325. 12757969
  56. [65]Oliveto A, Poling J, Sevarino KA, Efficacy of dose and contingency management procedures in LAAM-maintained cocaine-dependent patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005; 79: 157– 165. 16002025
  57. [66]Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 2009; 42: 377– 381. 18929686 PMC2700030
  58. [67]Roll JM and Higgins ST. A within-subject comparison of three different schedules of reinforcement of drug abstinence using cigarette smoking as an exemplar. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 58: 103– 109. 10669060
  59. [68]Roll JM, Higgins ST and Badger GJ. An experimental comparison of three different schedules of reinforcement of drug abstinence using cigarette smoking as an exemplar. J Appl Behav Anal 1996; 29: 495– 504; quiz 504–505. 8995832 PMC1284006
  60. [69]McDonell MG, Leickly E, McPherson S, A randomized controlled trial of ethyl glucuronide-based contingency management for outpatients with co-occurring alcohol use disorders and serious mental illness. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174: 370– 377. 28135843 PMC5378651
  61. [71]McDonell MG, Srebnik D, Angelo F, Randomized controlled trial of contingency management for stimulant use in community mental health patients with serious mental illness. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 94– 101. 23138961 PMC4242089
  62. [72]Chudzynski J, Roll JM, McPherson S, Reinforcement schedule effects on long-term behavior change. Psychol Rec 2015; 65: 347– 353. 26139942 PMC4484864
  63. [73]Orr MF, Lederhos Smith C, Finlay M, Pilot investigation: randomized-controlled analog trial for alcohol and tobacco smoking co-addiction using contingency management. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 29: 462– 468. 29561290 PMC6035091
  64. [74]Ries RK, Dyck DG, Short R, Outcomes of managing disability benefits among patients with substance dependence and severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2004; 55: 445– 447. 15067161
  65. [75]Petry NM, Martin B, Cooney JL, Give them prizes and they will come: contingency management for treatment of alcohol dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 250– 257. 10780125
  66. [76]McDonell MG, Skalisky J, Leickly E, Using ethyl glucuronide in urine to detect light and heavy drinking in alcohol dependent outpatients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 157: 184– 187. 26475403 PMC4663163
  67. [77]Carise D, Wicks K, McLellan A, Addiction severity index 5th edition–North Dakota State adaptation for use with Native Americans. Treatment Research Institute at University of Pennsylvania, 1998.
  68. [78]Sobell LC and Sobell MB. Alcohol timeline followback. In: Rush JA, Pincus HA and Measures TFftHoP (eds) Handbook of psychiatric measures Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000, pp. 477– 479.
  69. [79]Barry D, Weinstock J and Petry NM. Ethnic differences in HIV risk behaviors among methadone-maintained women receiving contingency management for cocaine use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 98: 144– 153. 18684571 PMC2614896
  70. [80]Darke S, Hall W, Heather N, The reliability and validity of a scale to measure HIV risk-taking behaviour among intravenous drug users. AIDS 1991; 5: 181– 185. 2031690
  71. [81]Ware J Jr, Kosinski M and Keller SD. A 12-item short-form health survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Med Care 1996; 34: 220– 233. 8628042
  72. [82]Quandt SA, Graham CN, Bell RA, Ethnic disparities in health-related quality of life among older rural adults with diabetes. Ethn Dis 2007; 17: 471– 476. 17985500 PMC2621317
  73. [83]Higgins ST, Delaney DD, Budney AJ, A behavioral approach to achieving initial cocaine abstinence. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1218– 1224. 1883001

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Burduli, E., Skalisky, J., Hirchak, K., Orr, M. F., Foote, A., Granbois, A., Ries, R., Roll, J. M., Buchwald, D., McDonell, M. G., & McPherson, S. M.
Affiliations
Washington State University Spokane (US)
Corresponding author
McPherson, Sterling M
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Trials
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2018-08-29
Volume
15
Issue
6
Pages
587-599
ISSN
  • 1740-7745 (ISSN-L)
  • 1740-7753
DOI
10.1177/1740774518796151
PMC
PMC6218308
OpenAlex
W2889122093
Cited by
17
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2
FWCI
0.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Clinical Trials (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P20MD006871)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
Keywords
contingency management, American Indian adults, culturally tailored interventions, substance use disorders, alcoholism, drug addiction, methamphetamine, cannabis, alcohol abstinence, urine drug testing, ethyl glucuronide
MeSH terms
Adult, Analgesics, Opioid, Female, Glucuronates, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Reward, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult, Self Report, Culturally Competent Care

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review