The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 123 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 47 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications
Open accessAbstract
Research conducted within the general paradigm of cognitive bias modification (CBM) reveals that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are not merely associated with emotional disorders but contribute to them. After briefly describing research on both emotional biases and their modification, the authors examine similarities between CBM paradigms and older experimental paradigms used in research on learning and memory. The techniques and goals of CBM research are compared with other approaches to understanding cognition–emotion interactions. From a functional perspective, the CBM tradition reminds us to use experimental tools to evaluate assumptions about clinical phenomena and, more generally, about causal relationships between cognitive processing and emotion.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Cognitive bias modification (CBM) research shows that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory can be experimentally modified, and that these changes can alter later emotional reactivity. The review links CBM to older learning/memory paradigms and argues that CBM is a general experimental tool for testing causal cognition-emotion assumptions.
Key findings
- Attention training can shift attentional bias and emotional vulnerability: participants trained to attend threat reported more distress after insoluble problems than those trained to avoid threat, while repeated benign attention training reduced rated work stress and lowered cortisol in telemarketers.
- Interpretation training can change how novel ambiguity is resolved and can affect emotion: negative training increased anxiety and negative interpretations, whereas positive training reduced worry, social anxiety, and depressed mood; effects persisted to the next day and influenced distress while viewing accident videos.
- Memory modification is less developed: only a few experiments have established biased memories, and five memory-modification experiments failed to find or did not assess emotional consequences; one study found benign training proactively interfered with controlled recollection of negative resolutions.
- CBM is framed as related to transfer-appropriate processing, desirable difficulties, and associative learning; far-transfer effects to emotional challenges are central but are not always obtained.
Methods
- Design: narrative review of experiments within the CBM tradition, comparing CBM paradigms with older learning and memory paradigms such as counterconditioning and transfer-appropriate processing.
- Data or sample: reviewed experiments were conducted with nonclinical volunteers unless participants were selected for special characteristics such as emotional vulnerability or clinical condition.
- Main analysis: qualitative synthesis of attention, interpretation, and memory modification studies, plus discussion of mechanisms, automaticity versus cognitive control, mood-cognition research, appraisal theory, and cognitive behavior therapy.
Limitations
- The paper states that only a few experiments have been performed to establish biased memories, that five memory-modification experiments failed to find or did not assess emotional consequences, that far transfer is not always obtained, and that it is too soon to know the extent and manner of controlled versus automatic processes in CBM.
- The paper also notes that self-reports about cognitive procedures are usually not reliable and that there has been little neuroimaging research on cognitive control in bias modification.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic search strategy or quantitative synthesis.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Not checked yet · 27 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Relative to nonanxious control groups, anxious individuals are more likely to remember and report ambiguous events in terms of their more threatening meanings.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eysenck, Mogg, May, Richards, & Mathews, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Hirsch & Mathews, 2000
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Eight sessions of positive training led to greater decreases on a questionnaire assessing social anxiety than in the control group.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beard & Amir, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, as is the case with depression, evidence for memory biases in anxiety is found when other cognitive characteristics of anxiety are taken into account (such as imagery-based distortions in the recall of social scenarios; Hertel, Brozovich, Joormann, & Gotlib, 2008; see Hirsch, Clark, & Mathews, 2006).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Memory bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hertel, Brozovich, Joormann, & Gotlib, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Hirsch, Clark, & Mathews, 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In one version, participants were trained to make positive interpretations with or without self-imagery, and only the imagery-based training was effective in protecting against negative mood (Holmes, Lang, & Shah, 2009; see also Blackwell & Holmes, 2010).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holmes, Lang, & Shah, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Blackwell & Holmes, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Attention training has also been shown to have beneficial effects for participants suffering from clinical anxiety states, such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder and social phobia (for a meta-analysis, see Hakamata et al., 2010).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attention training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hakamata et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a related clinical study, similar training reduced worry in patients suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Hayes, Hirsch, Krebs, & Mathews, 2010).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes, Hirsch, Krebs, & Mathews, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adapted versions of interpretation training have also been found to ameliorate or prevent depressed mood.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holmes, Lang, & Shah, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Watkins, Baeyens, & Read, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“compared with a more abstract, ruminative condition, a new concrete and experiential training condition effectively reduced depressed mood (Watkins, Baeyens, & Read, 2009).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Watkins, Baeyens, & Read, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same is true of practice in interpreting ambiguous events in a relatively benign manner.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attention training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In participants complaining of excessive worry, a single session of practice in selecting the benign meaning of emotionally ambiguous words and descriptions reduced later negative thought intrusions, in contrast to control participants who accessed benign and threatening meanings equally often (Hirsch, Hayes, & Mathews, 2009).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hirsch, Hayes, & Mathews, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
In the paper
“those who are prone to anxiety or depression are more likely than others to interpret ambiguity in a negative way, attend more to emotionally negative cues, and selectively recall negative information (Mathews & MacLeod, 2005).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathews & MacLeod, 2005
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, emotional stimuli tend to capture attention more than do neutral ones, but whereas this tendency in healthy individuals applies as much (and sometimes more) to positive as to negative cues, in those prone to anxiety or depression, attention is more likely to be captured by negative cues, particularly when such cues are related to individual emotional concerns.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attentional bias
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is also evidence (albeit somewhat less consistent) that depression is associated with negative interpretations of emotional ambiguity.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lawson & MacLeod, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Lawson, MacLeod, & Hammond, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mogg, Bradbury, & Bradley, 2006
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the positive group, participants allocated to practicing negative resolutions reported feeling more anxious and made more negative interpretations of the novel test descriptions (Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast to a control condition in which participants searched for flowers, repeated sessions of training not only reduced rated work stress in telemarketers but also led to lower cortisol levels, an index of emotional distress.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attention training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau, Baldwin, Baccus, Sakellaropoulo, and Pruessner (2007)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The key finding was that nonanxious controls were more likely to endorse nonthreatening interpretations, whereas currently anxious individuals were equally likely to endorse threatening and nonthreatening interpretations.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eysenck et al., 1991
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whereas nondepressed individuals are more likely to remember positive self-descriptive words and happy faces, those prone to depression are relatively more likely to remember negative selfdescriptive words and sad faces.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Memory bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathews & MacLeod, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Matt et al., 1992
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBM experiments have demonstrated that cognitive biases can indeed be modified and that the induced changes influence subsequent emotional reactivity.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, as with attention, practice in interpreting emotional ambiguity in a more positive (or negative) manner influences how novel ambiguous exemplars are interpreted and can also reduce (or increase) negative emotional states or the distress caused by stressful events.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“anxious individuals are typically faster to respond to targets appearing in locations just vacated by threatening rather than neutral cues, whereas nonanxious control participants show the reverse pattern (MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986; meta-analysis by Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attentional bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with the benign or positive processing style that characterizes healthy people, those prone to anxiety and depression are more likely to attend to negative or threatening cues, resolve ambiguity in negative ways, and selectively remember negative events.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > In summary
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both involve direct attempts to modify cognitive processes believed to underlie emotional distress, and both employ systematic exposure to the events that trigger distress.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Relation to Cognitive Behavior Therapy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In CBT, exposure to evocative events is designed to reduce emotional reactions via extinction or to collect evidence against false beliefs by showing that anticipated catastrophic consequences do not occur.
- Rests on an assumption: CBT also targets inappropriate cognitive content, but here the usual means of change is to directly challenge the reportable thoughts believed to maintain distress.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence discussed so far strongly suggests that cognitive biases are malleable and that modifying them can have consequences for memory and emotional vulnerability.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > In summary
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beyond strictly clinical concerns, research paradigms gathered together under the rubric of cognitive bias modification are nothing more and nothing less than tools to test assumptions, often initially unspecified, about interactions between cognitive and emotional processes.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with modification of attention to threat, practice in the positive resolution of ambiguity can transfer to new ambiguous situations and lead to subsequent changes in affective reactivity to potentially emotional novel events.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > In summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, CBM involves repeated trials that target processes typically not available to conscious report, and as we have argued earlier, participants are not necessarily aware of the resultant changes.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Relation to Cognitive Behavior Therapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both involve direct attempts to modify cognitive processes believed to underlie emotional distress, and both employ systematic exposure to the events that trigger distress.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Relation to Cognitive Behavior Therapy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In CBT, exposure to evocative events is designed to reduce emotional reactions via extinction or to collect evidence against false beliefs by showing that anticipated catastrophic consequences do not occur.
In the paper
“Lapse and relapse, in which the original contingencies dominate to guide behavior, tend to occur if features of the context revert to earlier conditions (the renewal effect) or if the original significant outcomes occur noncontingently (reinstatement).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Associative learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bouton, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unsurprisingly, the modification of cognitive biases relies on tried and true principles of experimental psychology.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Basic Mechanisms Underlying CBM
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with other types of CBM, however, only a few experiments have been performed to establish biased memories, and these experiments mainly have modified interpretation biases in ways that produce distorted memories.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Procedures for changing memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depressed participants achieved such forgetting but only when thought substitutes had been used to aid suppression practice (unlike controls who could forget without these aids).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Procedures for changing memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joormann, Hertel, LeMoult, & Gotlib, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cognitive characteristics play a part in creating emotional resilience or emotional vulnerability.
“A fundamental assumption underlying cognitive therapy for emotional disorders and cognitive appraisal theories of emotion is that cognitive characteristics play a part in creating emotional resilience or emotional vulnerability.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The same fundamental principles underlying CBM are likely to apply across a wide range of specific applications.
“Until we learn otherwise, we assume that the same fundamental principles are likely to apply across a wide range of specific applications.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The same cognitive procedures are involved in stressful transfer tasks as in training, despite differing contexts.
“the same cognitive procedures are assumed to be involved but the contexts differ substantially from those presented during training.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Students forget learned material after tests, and anxious or depressed individuals revert to well-practiced biases outside therapy.
“Unfortunately, students often forget what they have learned in college classes once the test has been taken, and anxious or depressed individuals easily revert to well-practiced biases outside the therapeutic context.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reports about cognitive procedures are usually not reliable.
“self-reports about cognitive procedures are usually not reliable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lateral frontal cortex is implicated in intentional control.
“Because the lateral frontal cortex is implicated in intentional control, this finding might argue against exclusively automatic effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Appraisal theories have generally been tested by showing that the self-reported relevance of an event is a good predictor of emotional response, and not by modifying processes assumed to contribute to appraisal but likely inaccessible to conscious report.
“Appraisal theories have generally been tested by showing that the self-reported relevance of an event is a good predictor of emotional response and not by modifying processes assumed to contribute to appraisal but likely inaccessible to conscious report, as in CBM experiments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In CBT, exposure to evocative events is designed to reduce emotional reactions via extinction or to collect evidence against false beliefs by showing that anticipated catastrophic consequences do not occur.
“In CBT, exposure to evocative events is designed to reduce emotional reactions via extinction (sometimes referred to as habituation) or to collect evidence against false beliefs by showing that anticipated catastrophic consequences do not occur.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In CBM, training and control conditions sometimes involve a similar extent of exposure to potential threat cues.
“In CBM, by contrast, extinction due to exposure is not thought to be the agent of change; in fact, training and control conditions sometimes involve a similar extent of exposure to potential threat cues.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CBT also targets inappropriate cognitive content, but here the usual means of change is to directly challenge the reportable thoughts believed to maintain distress.
“To be sure, CBT also targets inappropriate cognitive content, but here the usual means of change is to directly challenge the reportable thoughts believed to maintain distress.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, ABM threat-avoidance training studies often use similar tasks to both modify AB and assess AB change (e.g., probe-based spatial attention tasks are used in both ABM threatavoidance training and AB assessment), and it is therefore unclear whether effects of training transfer to other AB measures or related cognitive functions [7,82].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“In addition, ABM threat-avoidance training studies often use similar tasks to both modify AB and assess AB change (e.g., probe-based spatial attention tasks are used in both ABM threatavoidance training and AB assessment), and it is therefore unclear whether effects of training transfer to other AB measures or related cognitive functions [7,82].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
Citations
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Self-citationHandbook of Cognition and Emotion
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Attentional bias in emotional disorders.
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. R. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.95.1.15 · Cited by 2,553
Self-citationThe emotional Stroop task and psychopathology
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Items 101–200 of 320
Longevity of attentional bias modification effects for food cues in overweight and obese individuals
Kemps, E., Tiggemann, M., & Hollitt, S. (2015) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2015.1077251 · Cited by 31
“Guided by interventions developed in the fields of anxiety and addiction (for reviews, see Hertel & Mathews, 2011; Wiers, Gladwin, Hofmann, Salemink, & Ridderinkhof, 2013), emerging research has begun to target food-related attentional bias for modification.”
MethodKuckertz, J. M., Schofield, C. A., Clerkin, E. M., Primack, J., Boettcher, H., Weisberg, R. B., Amir, N., & Beard, C. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000231 · Cited by 30
Travellers’ Tales in Cognitive Bias Modification Research: A Commentary on the Special Issue
Fox, E., Mackintosh, B., & Holmes, E. A. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9604-1 · Cited by 34
Heitmann, J., van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E., Vermeulen, K. M., Ostafin, B. D., MacLeod, C., Wiers, R. W. H. J., DeFuentes-Merillas, L., Fledderus, M., Markus, W., & de Jong, P. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1359-2 · Cited by 33
A Psychoeducational School-Based Group Intervention for Socially Anxious Children
Vassilopoulos, S. P., Brouzos, A., Damer, D. E., Mellou, A., & Mitropoulou, A. (2013) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2013.819953 · Cited by 29
Rozenman, M., Gonzalez, A., Logan, C., & Goger, P. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23018 · Cited by 24
“I in unselected samples and generally has not examined “ transfer effects ” (Hertel & Mathews, 2011) of CBM ‐”
BackgroundSalemink, E., de Jong, S. R. C., Notebaert, L., MacLeod, C., & van Bockstaele, B. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101727 · Cited by 25
Vrijsen, J. N., Dainer‐Best, J., Witcraft, S. M., Papini, S., Hertel, P. T., Beevers, C. G., Becker, E. S., & Smits, J. A. J. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1450225 · Cited by 30
“Instructions were deliberately simple and broad to increase the odds of transfer of training (Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRen, Z., Zhao, Z., Yu, X., Zhang, L., & Li, X. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100226 · Cited by 28
Nishiguchi, Y., Takano, K., & Tanno, Y. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.092 · Cited by 30
The puzzle of attentional bias to pain
Crombez, G., Heathcote, L. C., & Fox, E. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000255 · Cited by 29
“have a plethora of intervention techniques to accomplish this objective, and the field of experimental psychopathology can also provide novel tools to modify biased interpretations.(7) Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed”
BackgroundVan Bockstaele, B., Salemink, E., Bögels, S. M., & Wiers, R. W. (2017) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1092418 · Cited by 26
Orsini, C. A., Brown, T. E., Hodges, T. E., Alonso‐Caraballo, Y., Winstanley, C. A., & Becker, J. B. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1378-22.2022 · Cited by 33
Marcucci, G., Ciarapica, F. E., Mazzuto, G., & Bevilacqua, M. (2023) · Operations Management Research · doi:10.1007/s12063-023-00415-7 · Cited by 26
“During the process, discussion in the presence of one's observations allows one to identify possible evidence contrary to one's own beliefs that may in some way change one's judgement, and, possibly, accept them with humility (Hertel and Mathews 2011).”
The Benefits of Doubt: Cognitive Bias Correction Reduces Hasty Decision-Making in Schizophrenia
Moritz, S., Mayer-Stassfurth, H., Endlich, L., Andreou, C., Ramdani, N., Petermann, F., & Balzan, R. P. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9690-8 · Cited by 26
Nishiguchi, Y., Takano, K., & Tanno, Y. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0039117 · Cited by 29
Hertel, P. T., Maydon, A., Cottle, J., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616649366 · Cited by 26
“This evidence would augment current research on cognitive bias modification (CBM; see Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
Self-citationAutomaticity of Attentional Bias to Threat in High and Low Worriers
Goodwin, H., Eagleson, C., Mathews, A., Yiend, J., & Hirsch, C. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9818-5 · Cited by 18
“…alternative approaches bypassing the need for effortful control over attention to threat, for example by increasing the availability of competing information via repeated practice in attending to benign cues or meanings (Hayes et al. 2010; cognitive bias modification, see Hertel and Mathews 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHudlická, E. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801851-4.00016-1 · Cited by 27
The effects of attentional bias modification on emotion regulation
Bockstaele, B. V., Notebaert, L., MacLeod, C., Salemink, E., Clarke, P., Verschuère, B., Bögels, S. M., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.08.010 · Cited by 26
Rowlands, K., Beaty, T., Simic, M., Grafton, B., Hirsch, C. R., Treasure, J. L., & Cardi, V. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23809 · Cited by 25
“Following recommendation from previous studies (Hertel & Mathews, 2011; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000), a small number of negative trials were included, to ensure that participants were attending carefully to the content of the scenarios included in the training, and to provide intermittent…”
MethodRuminative self-focus in daily life: Associations with daily activities and depressive symptoms.
Takano, K., Sakamoto, S., & Tanno, Y. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0031867 · Cited by 25
The influence of social comparison on cognitive bias modification and emotional vulnerability.
Standage, H., Harris, J. M., & Fox, E. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034226 · Cited by 25
Examination of affective and cognitive interference in schizophrenia and relation to symptoms.
Martin, E. A., Becker, T. M., Cicero, D. C., & Kerns, J. G. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033956 · Cited by 25
“…task is that attentional biases toward or away from affective information on this task can be modified in a single session (MacLeod, Rutherford, Campbell, Ebsworthy, & Holker, 2002), with evidence that attention bias modification can have important real-world effects (MacLeod & Mathews, 2012).”
Modification of food preferences by posthypnotic suggestions: An event-related brain potential study
Zahedi, A., Łuczak, A., & Sommer, W. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104713 · Cited by 24
Cognitive-Processing Biases in Individuals High on Perceived Criticism
Masland, S. R., Hooley, J. M., Tully, L. M., Dearing, K. F., & Gotlib, I. H. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614529935 · Cited by 24
Psychological engineering: A functional–cognitive perspective on applied psychology.
Houwer, J. D., Hughes, S., & Barnes‐Holmes, D. (2016) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.09.001 · Cited by 23
Vancleef, L. M. G., Hanssen, M. M., & Peters, M. L. (2015) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.809 · Cited by 25
The implicit health-related self-concept in somatoform disorders
Riebel, K., Egloff, B., & Witthöft, M. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.02.001 · Cited by 25
Bowler, J. O., Bartholomew, K. J., Kellar, I., Mackintosh, B., Hoppitt, L., & Bayliss, A. P. (2016) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.908 · Cited by 23
Practicing Emotionally Biased Retrieval Affects Mood and Establishes Biased Recall a Week Later
Vrijsen, J. N., Hertel, P. T., & Becker, E. S. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9789-6 · Cited by 25
Self-citationMonnart, A., Kornreich, C., Verbanck, P., & Campanella, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01019 · Cited by 25
Woud, M. L., Hutschemaekers, M. H. M., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.001 · Cited by 27
Vrijsen, J. N., van Oostrom, I., Vásquez, A. A., Franke, B., Becker, E. S., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2014) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12129 · Cited by 23
Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being
Watkins, P. C., McLaughlin, T., & Parker, J. P. (2020) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-3432-8.ch088 · Cited by 22
Bockstaele, B. V., Clarke, P., Notebaert, L., MacLeod, C., & Salemink, E. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101561 · Cited by 22
Moumne, S., Hall, N. C., Böke, B. N., Bastien, L., & Heath, N. L. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120942110 · Cited by 28
Sharpe, L., Jones, E. B., Pradhan, P., Todd, J., & Colagiuri, B. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002784 · Cited by 23
Ascione, M., Carulla‐Roig, M., Miquel-Nabau, H., Porras-García, B., Meschberger‐Annweiler, F., Serrano‐Troncoso, E., Ferrer‐García, M., Moreno-Sánchez, M., & Gutiérrez‐Maldonado, J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12185932 · Cited by 19
“However, this traditional technique, often conducted on desktop computers or smartphones, may lack ecological validity [28].”
Steinman, S. A., & Teachman, B. A. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.12.004 · Cited by 24
“Consequently, it is possible that increasing the difficulty of the learning process in CBM-I tasks may lead to stronger training effects on bias and subsequent anxiety (see Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundCognitive-behavioral therapy and decision science
Leddy, M. A., Anderson, B. L., & Schulkin, J. A. (2013) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2013.01.001 · Cited by 25
Takano, K., Moriya, J., & Raes, F. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.04.005 · Cited by 21
“…not only for clinical interventions, but also for speculating temporal and/or causal relationships between particular styles of cognitive processing (i.e., reduced AMS) and putative outcomes of attention and affect regulation systems (cf. Hertel & Mathews, 2011; Koster, Fox, & MacLeod, 2009).”
BackgroundRecalibrating positive and negative weighting tendencies in attitude generalization
Pietri, E. S., Fázio, R. H., & Shook, N. J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.08.001 · Cited by 21
“Based on classic learning research by Ellis (1965), Hertel and Mathews (2011) suggested that many of the above cognitive bias modification paradigms could be viewed as demonstrations of near- and far-transferring effects.”
BackgroundLi, D., Li, C., Deng, X., Hui, L., & Liu, J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2024.3360859 · Cited by 21
Lazarov, A., Abend, R., Seidner, S., Pine, D. S., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.03.002 · Cited by 22
Abend, R., Naim, R., Pergamin‐Hight, L., Fox, N. A., Pine, D. S., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0494-7 · Cited by 24
“This suggests that multi-session treatment protocols are preferred over singlesession schedules (Eberl et al. 2013; Hakamata et al. 2010; Hertel and Mathews 2011).”
Vrijsen, J. N., Becker, E. S., Rinck, M., van Oostrom, I., Speckens, A. E. M., Whitmer, A. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9563-y · Cited by 23
Rumination: Cognitive consequences of training to inhibit the negative.
Daches, S., Mor, N., & Hertel, P. T. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.010 · Cited by 19
Self-citationHeitmann, J., van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E., Huisman, M., Ostafin, B. D., Wiers, R. W. H. J., MacLeod, C., DeFuentes-Merillas, L., Fledderus, M., Markus, W., & de Jong, P. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252494 · Cited by 19
“Current ABM trainings might therefore be able to modify AB, but their capacity to impact real-life substance use behavior might be limited by their confined stimulus configuration [20].”
BackgroundCarlson, J. M., Fang, L., Koster, E. H. W., Andrzejewski, J. A., Gilbertson, H., Elwell, K. A., & Zuidema, T. R. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108353 · Cited by 19
Brain structure changes induced by attention bias modification training
Abend, R., Rosenfelder, A., Shamai‐Leshem, D., Pine, D. S., Tavor, I., Assaf, Y., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107736 · Cited by 18
Cognitive training for mental health problems
Hallion, L. S., Hsu, K. J., & Schleider, J. L. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-023-00185-y · Cited by 20
Coherence Between Attentional and Memory Biases in Sad and Formerly Depressed Individuals
Vrijsen, J. N., van Oostrom, I., Isaac, L., Becker, E. S., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9590-8 · Cited by 19
“Studies have found that manipulation of a cognitive bias can transfer to another cognitive domain (Hertel and Mathews 2011), indicating coherence between biases.”
BackgroundEnhancing the Efficacy of Cognitive Bias Modification for Social Anxiety
Stevens, E. S., Behar, E., & Jendrusina, A. A. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.02.004 · Cited by 19
Perfectly imperfect: The use of cognitive bias modification to reduce perfectionism
Dodd, D. R., Parsons, E. M., Clerkin, E. M., Forrest, L. N., Velkoff, E. A., Kunstman, J. W., & Smith, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.04.002 · Cited by 17
Influencing factors of long-term thermal comfort in office buildings
Li, P., Zhao, X., Gao, N., Luo, M., & Shi, X. (2024) · Building Simulation · doi:10.1007/s12273-024-1179-5 · Cited by 17
“Hertel and Mathews (2011) advocated the use of neutral descriptive language to prevent emotional cues from influencing respondents.”
O’Connor, C., Everaert, J., & Fitzgerald, A. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23186 · Cited by 18
Herzog, P., Barth, C., Rief, W., Brakemeier, E., & Κube, T. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10290-4 · Cited by 24
“…(CBM)” (Woud et al., 2017): In recent years, more and more computer-based trainings have been developed that aim to modify cognitive processing (Tendolkar et al., 2019), which can be assumed to contribute to undesired emotional reactions or dysfunctional behavior (Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundTraining to Inhibit Negative Content Affects Memory and Rumination
Daches, S., Mor, N., & Hertel, P. T. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10023-0 · Cited by 17
Self-citationQiu, W., Clegg, J. L., Mattos, H. G.-D., & Buckley, P. J. (2023) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2023.102167 · Cited by 18
Heitmann, J., Jonker, N. C., Ostafin, B. D., & de Jong, P. J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228272 · Cited by 16
“Second, it has been questioned whether the presentation of just one pair of stimuli, such as in the visual probe task, can adequately reflect the complexity of real-life substance use relevant situations in which a person is constantly surrounded by multiple stimuli [14].”
BackgroundAday, J. S., & Carlson, J. M. (2017) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.002 · Cited by 17
Iijima, Y., Takano, K., Boddez, Y., Raes, F., & Tanno, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01333 · Cited by 15
Wartena, B. O., & van Dijk, H. W. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-02897-8_4 · Cited by 16
Soleymani, A., Mazidi, M., Neimeijer, R. A. M., & de Jong, P. J. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.105934 · Cited by 14
Riebel, K., Egloff, B., & Witthöft, M. (2013) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-013-9362-6 · Cited by 13
“In line with this hypothesis, there is promising evidence that suggests that cognitive biases are malleable and that modifying them can have beneficial consequences for emotional vulnerability [10, 11].”
BackgroundBecker, E. S., Vanderhasselt, M., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.004 · Cited by 14
“Interpretation bias modification paradigms (called CBM-interpretation) are generally effective in altering emotional memory processes (Hertel & Mathews, 2011), while the evidence for the effect of emotional attention trainings (called CBMattention) is weaker.”
BackgroundKrahé, C., Mathews, A., Whyte, J., & Hirsch, C. R. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013404 · Cited by 13
Self-citationParsons, S. D., Songco, A., Booth, C., & Fox, E. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1915752 · Cited by 15
Salemink, E., Woud, M. L., Roos, M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Lindgren, K. P. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.023 · Cited by 19
A translational model of research-practice integration.
Vivian, D., Hershenberg, R., Teachman, B. A., Drabick, D. A. G., Goldfried, M. R., & Wolfe, B. E. (2012) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0027925 · Cited by 15
Cognitive Bias Modification: A New Frontier in Cognition and Emotion Research
MacLeod, C., & Clarke, P. (2013) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) · Cited by 13
Making one-sided exercise decisions: The influence of exercise-related cognitive errors
Locke, S., & Brawley, L. R. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316648485 · Cited by 13
“Choice-supportive bias” in science: Explanation and mitigation
Kafaee, M., Marhamati, H., & Gharibzadeh, S. (2021) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2021.1872377 · Cited by 12
The interplay between corrective feedback timing and foreign language anxiety in L2 development
Rassaei, E. (2023) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688231195141 · Cited by 19
“Moreover, anxiety has negative effects on individuals’ working memory and their attentional control over the incoming information (Grant & White, 2016; Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
Allen, K. B., Tan, P. Z., Sullivan, J. A., Baumgardner, M., Hunter, H., & Noose, S. K. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00458-z · Cited by 14
Interpretive habit is strengthened by cognitive bias modification
Hertel, P. T., Holmes, M., & Benbow, A. (2013) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.820326 · Cited by 12
Self-citationDuque, A., & Vázquez, C. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22652 · Cited by 13
Kim, S. A., Hamann, S. B., & Kim, S. H. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118333 · Cited by 13
Basel, D., Aviram, T., & Lazarov, A. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.07.001 · Cited by 14
Personality and Information Processing: We Are What We Encode
Mathews, A. (2012) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1852 · Cited by 11
Self-citationGratitude and Subjective Well-Being
Watkins, P. C., McLaughlin, T., & Parker, J. P. (2018) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5918-4.ch002 · Cited by 11
Ji, Y., Qiao, D., Wei, K., Li, N., & Xu, T. (2023) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02568 · Cited by 11
Automating adaptive control with item-specific learning
Chiu, Y. (2019) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2019.05.002 · Cited by 15
Ouimet, A. J., Dixon‐Luinenburg, T., & Rooyakkers, M. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00093-4 · Cited by 13
Zhao, Z., Yu, X., Ren, Z., Zhang, L., & Li, X. (2021) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101711 · Cited by 12
Reducing emotional reasoning: An experimental manipulation in individuals with fear of spiders
Lommen, M. J. J., Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M., & Arntz, A. R. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.795482 · Cited by 11
“Cognitive bias modification techniques including computerised training targeting attention bias and interpretation bias have shown beneficial effects in clinical and non-clinical populations (Hertel & Mathews, 2011; MacLeod, 2012).”
BackgroundWürtz, F., Krans, J., Blackwell, S. E., Cwik, J. C., Margraf, J., & Woud, M. L. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10257-x · Cited by 10
Modifying interpretation bias leads to congruent changes in gratitude
Watkins, P. C., Munger, P., Hutton, B. R., Elliot, K., & Mathews, A. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1940249 · Cited by 10
“…the Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBMI) has been shown to successfully modify negative interpretation biases that are characteristic of anxiety and depression (e.g. Hirsch et al., 2020; Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000; Mackintosh et al., 2013; for a review, see Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationRocklage, M. D., Pietri, E. S., & Fázio, R. H. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.06.011 · Cited by 10
Creativity as a "vaccine" for depressed mood: coping and divergent thinking in young adults
Alfonso-Benlliure, V., & Meléndez, J. C. (2022) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.481761 · Cited by 11
Duque, A., López‐Gómez, I., Blanco, I., & Vázquez, C. (2015) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082015000200005 · Cited by 14
Conley, S. L., & Wu, K. D. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.11.005 · Cited by 10
Pinder, C. N. (2017) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3027063.3052762 · Cited by 10
“Cognitive bias modification techniques aim to retrain problematic automated paths within the brain [42].”
BackgroundJiang, X., Chen, X., & Wu, L. (2024) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.17279 · Cited by 9
Evidence for the embodiment of the automatic approach bias
Solzbacher, J., Czeszumski, A., Walter, S., & Peter König, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.797122 · Cited by 10
“, 2014) or phobia (Rinck and Becker, 2007) and their modification is used in therapy and treatment (Hertel and Mathews, 2011; Wiers et al., 2011).”
BackgroundWatkins, P. C., Frederick, M., Davis, D. E., & Emmons, R. A. (2023) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2023.2230458 · Cited by 9
“One approach that has been successful in experimentally manipulating appraisals is cognitive bias modification for interpretation (Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-focused thinking predicts nighttime physiological de-arousal
Takano, K., Ueno, M., & Tanno, Y. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.01.001 · Cited by 9
Large, B., MacLeod, C., Clarke, P., & Notebaert, L. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.048515 · Cited by 7
“Given the inconsistent findings concerning memory bias in anxiety, it is no surprise that the manipulation of memory bias has received far less attention, and when it has, modification of the bias has not always been achieved (Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothstein, 2009; Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundWoud, M. L., Blackwell, S. E., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Browning, M. D., Holmes, E. A., Harmer, C. J., Margraf, J., & Reinecke, A. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118754679 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Hertel, P. T., & Mathews, A.
- Affiliations
- Trinity University (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hertel, Paula T.
- ORCID
- Hertel, Paula T.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-10-14
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 521-536
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W1995460541
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 29.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - Trinity University (Trinity University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive bias modification, emotional bias, attentional bias, interpretation bias, memory bias, emotion and cognition, emotional disorders
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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