The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 123 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 47 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications
Open accessAbstract
Research conducted within the general paradigm of cognitive bias modification (CBM) reveals that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are not merely associated with emotional disorders but contribute to them. After briefly describing research on both emotional biases and their modification, the authors examine similarities between CBM paradigms and older experimental paradigms used in research on learning and memory. The techniques and goals of CBM research are compared with other approaches to understanding cognition–emotion interactions. From a functional perspective, the CBM tradition reminds us to use experimental tools to evaluate assumptions about clinical phenomena and, more generally, about causal relationships between cognitive processing and emotion.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Cognitive bias modification (CBM) research shows that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory can be experimentally modified, and that these changes can alter later emotional reactivity. The review links CBM to older learning/memory paradigms and argues that CBM is a general experimental tool for testing causal cognition-emotion assumptions.
Key findings
- Attention training can shift attentional bias and emotional vulnerability: participants trained to attend threat reported more distress after insoluble problems than those trained to avoid threat, while repeated benign attention training reduced rated work stress and lowered cortisol in telemarketers.
- Interpretation training can change how novel ambiguity is resolved and can affect emotion: negative training increased anxiety and negative interpretations, whereas positive training reduced worry, social anxiety, and depressed mood; effects persisted to the next day and influenced distress while viewing accident videos.
- Memory modification is less developed: only a few experiments have established biased memories, and five memory-modification experiments failed to find or did not assess emotional consequences; one study found benign training proactively interfered with controlled recollection of negative resolutions.
- CBM is framed as related to transfer-appropriate processing, desirable difficulties, and associative learning; far-transfer effects to emotional challenges are central but are not always obtained.
Methods
- Design: narrative review of experiments within the CBM tradition, comparing CBM paradigms with older learning and memory paradigms such as counterconditioning and transfer-appropriate processing.
- Data or sample: reviewed experiments were conducted with nonclinical volunteers unless participants were selected for special characteristics such as emotional vulnerability or clinical condition.
- Main analysis: qualitative synthesis of attention, interpretation, and memory modification studies, plus discussion of mechanisms, automaticity versus cognitive control, mood-cognition research, appraisal theory, and cognitive behavior therapy.
Limitations
- The paper states that only a few experiments have been performed to establish biased memories, that five memory-modification experiments failed to find or did not assess emotional consequences, that far transfer is not always obtained, and that it is too soon to know the extent and manner of controlled versus automatic processes in CBM.
- The paper also notes that self-reports about cognitive procedures are usually not reliable and that there has been little neuroimaging research on cognitive control in bias modification.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic search strategy or quantitative synthesis.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Not checked yet · 27 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Relative to nonanxious control groups, anxious individuals are more likely to remember and report ambiguous events in terms of their more threatening meanings.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eysenck, Mogg, May, Richards, & Mathews, 1991
- Not checked yetcites Hirsch & Mathews, 2000
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Eight sessions of positive training led to greater decreases on a questionnaire assessing social anxiety than in the control group.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beard & Amir, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, as is the case with depression, evidence for memory biases in anxiety is found when other cognitive characteristics of anxiety are taken into account (such as imagery-based distortions in the recall of social scenarios; Hertel, Brozovich, Joormann, & Gotlib, 2008; see Hirsch, Clark, & Mathews, 2006).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Memory bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hertel, Brozovich, Joormann, & Gotlib, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Hirsch, Clark, & Mathews, 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In one version, participants were trained to make positive interpretations with or without self-imagery, and only the imagery-based training was effective in protecting against negative mood (Holmes, Lang, & Shah, 2009; see also Blackwell & Holmes, 2010).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holmes, Lang, & Shah, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Blackwell & Holmes, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Attention training has also been shown to have beneficial effects for participants suffering from clinical anxiety states, such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder and social phobia (for a meta-analysis, see Hakamata et al., 2010).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attention training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hakamata et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a related clinical study, similar training reduced worry in patients suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Hayes, Hirsch, Krebs, & Mathews, 2010).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes, Hirsch, Krebs, & Mathews, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adapted versions of interpretation training have also been found to ameliorate or prevent depressed mood.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holmes, Lang, & Shah, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Watkins, Baeyens, & Read, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“compared with a more abstract, ruminative condition, a new concrete and experiential training condition effectively reduced depressed mood (Watkins, Baeyens, & Read, 2009).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Watkins, Baeyens, & Read, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same is true of practice in interpreting ambiguous events in a relatively benign manner.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attention training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In participants complaining of excessive worry, a single session of practice in selecting the benign meaning of emotionally ambiguous words and descriptions reduced later negative thought intrusions, in contrast to control participants who accessed benign and threatening meanings equally often (Hirsch, Hayes, & Mathews, 2009).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hirsch, Hayes, & Mathews, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
In the paper
“those who are prone to anxiety or depression are more likely than others to interpret ambiguity in a negative way, attend more to emotionally negative cues, and selectively recall negative information (Mathews & MacLeod, 2005).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathews & MacLeod, 2005
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, emotional stimuli tend to capture attention more than do neutral ones, but whereas this tendency in healthy individuals applies as much (and sometimes more) to positive as to negative cues, in those prone to anxiety or depression, attention is more likely to be captured by negative cues, particularly when such cues are related to individual emotional concerns.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attentional bias
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is also evidence (albeit somewhat less consistent) that depression is associated with negative interpretations of emotional ambiguity.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lawson & MacLeod, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Lawson, MacLeod, & Hammond, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mogg, Bradbury, & Bradley, 2006
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the positive group, participants allocated to practicing negative resolutions reported feeling more anxious and made more negative interpretations of the novel test descriptions (Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast to a control condition in which participants searched for flowers, repeated sessions of training not only reduced rated work stress in telemarketers but also led to lower cortisol levels, an index of emotional distress.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attention training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dandeneau, Baldwin, Baccus, Sakellaropoulo, and Pruessner (2007)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The key finding was that nonanxious controls were more likely to endorse nonthreatening interpretations, whereas currently anxious individuals were equally likely to endorse threatening and nonthreatening interpretations.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eysenck et al., 1991
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whereas nondepressed individuals are more likely to remember positive self-descriptive words and happy faces, those prone to depression are relatively more likely to remember negative selfdescriptive words and sad faces.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Memory bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathews & MacLeod, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Matt et al., 1992
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBM experiments have demonstrated that cognitive biases can indeed be modified and that the induced changes influence subsequent emotional reactivity.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, as with attention, practice in interpreting emotional ambiguity in a more positive (or negative) manner influences how novel ambiguous exemplars are interpreted and can also reduce (or increase) negative emotional states or the distress caused by stressful events.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Interpretation training
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“anxious individuals are typically faster to respond to targets appearing in locations just vacated by threatening rather than neutral cues, whereas nonanxious control participants show the reverse pattern (MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986; meta-analysis by Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Attentional bias
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with the benign or positive processing style that characterizes healthy people, those prone to anxiety and depression are more likely to attend to negative or threatening cues, resolve ambiguity in negative ways, and selectively remember negative events.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > In summary
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both involve direct attempts to modify cognitive processes believed to underlie emotional distress, and both employ systematic exposure to the events that trigger distress.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Relation to Cognitive Behavior Therapy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In CBT, exposure to evocative events is designed to reduce emotional reactions via extinction or to collect evidence against false beliefs by showing that anticipated catastrophic consequences do not occur.
- Rests on an assumption: CBT also targets inappropriate cognitive content, but here the usual means of change is to directly challenge the reportable thoughts believed to maintain distress.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence discussed so far strongly suggests that cognitive biases are malleable and that modifying them can have consequences for memory and emotional vulnerability.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > In summary
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beyond strictly clinical concerns, research paradigms gathered together under the rubric of cognitive bias modification are nothing more and nothing less than tools to test assumptions, often initially unspecified, about interactions between cognitive and emotional processes.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with modification of attention to threat, practice in the positive resolution of ambiguity can transfer to new ambiguous situations and lead to subsequent changes in affective reactivity to potentially emotional novel events.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > In summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, CBM involves repeated trials that target processes typically not available to conscious report, and as we have argued earlier, participants are not necessarily aware of the resultant changes.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Relation to Cognitive Behavior Therapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both involve direct attempts to modify cognitive processes believed to underlie emotional distress, and both employ systematic exposure to the events that trigger distress.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Relation to Cognitive Behavior Therapy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In CBT, exposure to evocative events is designed to reduce emotional reactions via extinction or to collect evidence against false beliefs by showing that anticipated catastrophic consequences do not occur.
In the paper
“Lapse and relapse, in which the original contingencies dominate to guide behavior, tend to occur if features of the context revert to earlier conditions (the renewal effect) or if the original significant outcomes occur noncontingently (reinstatement).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Associative learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bouton, 2000
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unsurprisingly, the modification of cognitive biases relies on tried and true principles of experimental psychology.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Basic Mechanisms Underlying CBM
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with other types of CBM, however, only a few experiments have been performed to establish biased memories, and these experiments mainly have modified interpretation biases in ways that produce distorted memories.”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Procedures for changing memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Depressed participants achieved such forgetting but only when thought substitutes had been used to aid suppression practice (unlike controls who could forget without these aids).”
§ Cognitive Bias Modification: Past Perspectives, Current Findings, and Future Applications > Procedures for changing memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joormann, Hertel, LeMoult, & Gotlib, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cognitive characteristics play a part in creating emotional resilience or emotional vulnerability.
“A fundamental assumption underlying cognitive therapy for emotional disorders and cognitive appraisal theories of emotion is that cognitive characteristics play a part in creating emotional resilience or emotional vulnerability.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The same fundamental principles underlying CBM are likely to apply across a wide range of specific applications.
“Until we learn otherwise, we assume that the same fundamental principles are likely to apply across a wide range of specific applications.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The same cognitive procedures are involved in stressful transfer tasks as in training, despite differing contexts.
“the same cognitive procedures are assumed to be involved but the contexts differ substantially from those presented during training.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Students forget learned material after tests, and anxious or depressed individuals revert to well-practiced biases outside therapy.
“Unfortunately, students often forget what they have learned in college classes once the test has been taken, and anxious or depressed individuals easily revert to well-practiced biases outside the therapeutic context.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reports about cognitive procedures are usually not reliable.
“self-reports about cognitive procedures are usually not reliable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lateral frontal cortex is implicated in intentional control.
“Because the lateral frontal cortex is implicated in intentional control, this finding might argue against exclusively automatic effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Appraisal theories have generally been tested by showing that the self-reported relevance of an event is a good predictor of emotional response, and not by modifying processes assumed to contribute to appraisal but likely inaccessible to conscious report.
“Appraisal theories have generally been tested by showing that the self-reported relevance of an event is a good predictor of emotional response and not by modifying processes assumed to contribute to appraisal but likely inaccessible to conscious report, as in CBM experiments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In CBT, exposure to evocative events is designed to reduce emotional reactions via extinction or to collect evidence against false beliefs by showing that anticipated catastrophic consequences do not occur.
“In CBT, exposure to evocative events is designed to reduce emotional reactions via extinction (sometimes referred to as habituation) or to collect evidence against false beliefs by showing that anticipated catastrophic consequences do not occur.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In CBM, training and control conditions sometimes involve a similar extent of exposure to potential threat cues.
“In CBM, by contrast, extinction due to exposure is not thought to be the agent of change; in fact, training and control conditions sometimes involve a similar extent of exposure to potential threat cues.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CBT also targets inappropriate cognitive content, but here the usual means of change is to directly challenge the reportable thoughts believed to maintain distress.
“To be sure, CBT also targets inappropriate cognitive content, but here the usual means of change is to directly challenge the reportable thoughts believed to maintain distress.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, ABM threat-avoidance training studies often use similar tasks to both modify AB and assess AB change (e.g., probe-based spatial attention tasks are used in both ABM threatavoidance training and AB assessment), and it is therefore unclear whether effects of training transfer to other AB measures or related cognitive functions [7,82].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“In addition, ABM threat-avoidance training studies often use similar tasks to both modify AB and assess AB change (e.g., probe-based spatial attention tasks are used in both ABM threatavoidance training and AB assessment), and it is therefore unclear whether effects of training transfer to other AB measures or related cognitive functions [7,82].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [82]
Citations
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Self-citationHandbook of Cognition and Emotion
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Attentional bias in emotional disorders.
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. R. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.95.1.15 · Cited by 2,553
Self-citationThe emotional Stroop task and psychopathology
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Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination
Watkins, E. R., & Roberts, H. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103573 · Cited by 862
Depression: A cognitive perspective
LeMoult, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.008 · Cited by 792
Cognitive Bias Modification Approaches to Anxiety
MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (2012) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143052 · Cited by 664
“Hence, there has been considerable interest in recently developed techniques that have proven capable of directly modifying low-level cognitive biases implicated in such models of anxiety pathology (cf. Bar-Haim 2010, Hakamata et al. 2010, Hallion & Ruskio 2011, Hertel & Mathews 2011, Mathews 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWiers, R. W., Gladwin, T. E., Hofmann, W., Salemink, E., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702612466547 · Cited by 486
Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression
Young, K., Sandman, C., & Craske, M. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9040076 · Cited by 485
A cognitive model of pathological worry
Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.06.007 · Cited by 400
Self-citationResolving Ambiguity in Emotional Disorders: The Nature and Role of Interpretation Biases
Hirsch, C. R., Meeten, F., Krahé, C., & Reeder, C. (2016) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093436 · Cited by 331
A habit-goal framework of depressive rumination.
Watkins, E. R., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035540 · Cited by 374
Clinical Efficacy of Attentional Bias Modification Procedures: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Mogoaşe, C., David, D. O., & Koster, E. H. W. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22081 · Cited by 386
Affect-biased attention as emotion regulation
Todd, R. M., Cunningham, W. A., Anderson, A. K., & Thompson, E. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.003 · Cited by 336
The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression
Everaert, J., Koster, E. H. W., & Derakshan, N. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.04.003 · Cited by 350
The attentional bias modification approach to anxiety intervention
MacLeod, C., & Clarke, P. J. F. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614560749 · Cited by 315
Cognitive aspects of depression
Kircanski, K., Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1177 · Cited by 279
Digital Behaviour Change Interventions to Break and Form Habits
Pinder, C., Vermeulen, J., Cowan, B. R., & Beale, R. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3196830 · Cited by 235
“CBM techniques face challenges in identifying the relevant cues that need increasing/decreasing in salience (see Section 6.1) and ensuring longevity of the newly-learned responses (Hertel and Mathews 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialBlackwell, S. E., Browning, M. D., Mathews, A., Pictet, A., Welch, J., Davies, J., Watson, P., Geddes, J. R., & Holmes, E. A. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614560746 · Cited by 244
Self-citationAnxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.001 · Cited by 210
Foland-Ross, L. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00489 · Cited by 197
Crocker, L. D., Heller, W., Warren, S. L., O'Hare, A. J., Infantolino, Z. P., & Miller, G. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00261 · Cited by 193
Beevers, C. G., Clasen, P. C., Enock, P. M., & Schnyer, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000049 · Cited by 192
Spinhoven, P., Klein, N., Kennis, M., Cramer, A. O. J., Siegle, G., Cuijpers, P., Ormel, J., Hollon, S. D., & Bockting, C. L. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.04.002 · Cited by 185
A Cognitive Model of Psychological Resilience
Parsons, S. D., Kruijt, A., & Fox, E. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.053415 · Cited by 188
Bowler, J. O., Mackintosh, B., Dunn, B. D., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Hoppitt, L. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029932 · Cited by 164
“We conclude that these two approaches could be used as alternative or complementary interventions to reduce anxiety.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationCognitive biases to appearance-related stimuli in body dissatisfaction: A systematic review.
Rodgers, R., & DuBois, R. H. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.006 · Cited by 157
I drink therefore I am: Validating alcohol-related implicit association tests.
Lindgren, K. P., Neighbors, C., Teachman, B. A., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Westgate, E. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (2012) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0027640 · Cited by 165
Boffo, M., Zerhouni, O., Gronau, Q. F., van Beek, R. J. J., Nikolaou, K., Marsman, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2019) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9386-4 · Cited by 146
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective
Cox, W. T. L., Abramson, L. Y., Devine, P. G., & Hollon, S. D. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612455204 · Cited by 142
Grateful recounting enhances subjective well-being: The importance of grateful processing
Watkins, P. C., Uhder, J., & Pichinevskiy, S. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.927909 · Cited by 140
“These ideas are clearly speculative at this point, but we believe that future research into the mechanisms of grateful recounting may benefit from following the lead of the cognitive bias modification paradigm (for a review, see Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundLinking Executive Control and Emotional Response
Cohen, N., Mor, N., & Henik, A. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614530114 · Cited by 146
Automaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder
Teachman, B. A., Joormann, J., Steinman, S. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.004 · Cited by 130
Cristea, I. A., Mogoaşe, C., David, D., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12383 · Cited by 135
Risky decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-regression analysis
Dekkers, T. J., Popma, A., Agelink van Rentergem, J. A., Bexkens, A., & Huizenga, H. M. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.001 · Cited by 119
Cook, L., Mostazir, M., & Watkins, E. R. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/11349 · Cited by 112
Resilience training that can change the brain.
Tabibnia, G., & Radecki, D. (2018) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/cpb0000110 · Cited by 124
“T hi s ar tic le is in te nd ed so le ly fo r th e pe rs on al us e of th e in di vi du al us er an d is no t to be di ss em in at ed br oa dl y. social skills, such as compassion and perspective-taking, reduces cortisol response in a subsequent social-stress task (Engert, Kok, Papassotiriou, Chrousos, & Singer, 2017)…”
BackgroundInfluentialBiased attentional processing of food cues and modification in obese individuals.
Kemps, E., Tiggemann, M., & Hollitt, S. (2014) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000069 · Cited by 110
“This finding has since been replicated (for a review, see Hertel & Mathews, 2011) and extended to addictive substances, in particular alcohol and tobacco (for a review, see Wiers, Gladwin, Hofmann, Salemink & Ridderinkhof, 2013).”
BackgroundResultFamily process and youth internalizing problems: A triadic model of etiology and intervention
Schleider, J. L., & Weisz, J. R. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941600016x · Cited by 123
Hirsch, C. R., Krahé, C., Whyte, J., Loizou, S., Bridge, L., Norton, S., & Mathews, A. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000310 · Cited by 108
Self-citationAn affective neuroscience model of boosting resilience in adults
Tabibnia, G. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.005 · Cited by 115
Memory bias for threatening information related to anxiety: an updated meta-analytic review
Herrera, S., Montorio, I., Cabrera, I., & Botella, J. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2017.1319374 · Cited by 111
“That is, selective recall tends to emerge in experiments in which superficial encoding tasks permit but do not require personally relevant elaboration (Hertel & Mathews, 2011; MacLeod & Mathews, 2004; Mitte, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodPsychological treatment of depressive rumination
Watkins, E. R. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.020 · Cited by 116
Wills, T. A., Simons, J. S., Sussman, S., & Knight, R. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.039 · Cited by 98
Effects of cognitive bias modification on social anxiety: A meta-analysis
Liu, H., Li, X., Han, B., & Liu, X. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175107 · Cited by 106
Dynamics of Attentional Bias to Threat in Anxious Adults: Bias towards and/or Away?
Zvielli, A., Bernstein, A., & Koster, E. H. W. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104025 · Cited by 94
“We identified this initial 25 ms criterion cut-off value for a number of reasons: (1) first and foremost, this is a conservative operational definition of AB as few AB researchers are likely to question whether BS scores greater than that criterion value likely reflect no AB; (2) AB bias scores as small as 10 ms are r…”
BackgroundMethodBazzaz, M. M., Fadardi, J. S., & Parkinson, J. A. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.114 · Cited by 81
Orchard, F., & Reynolds, S. A. (2018) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12184 · Cited by 78
“In clinical settings, a range of treatments target negative cognitive biases through direct therapy, and experimental studies have demonstrated that negative cognitive biases can be modified by training (Cristea, Kok, & Cuijpers, 2015; Hallion & Ruscio, 2011; Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundRumination and postnatal depression: A systematic review and a cognitive model
DeJong, H., Fox, E., & Stein, A. L. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.05.003 · Cited by 84
“These procedures are designed to change biases through repeated rehearsal of a more positive or neutral bias (Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundAttention Bias Modification for Anxiety and Phobias: Current Status and Future Directions
Kuckertz, J. M., & Amir, N. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0545-x · Cited by 79
Torkan, H., Blackwell, S. E., Holmes, E. A., Kalantari, M., Doost, H. T. N., Maroufi, M., & Talebi, H. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9598-8 · Cited by 76
Emotion Beliefs and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Castella, K. D., Goldin, P. R., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., Dweck, C. S., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.974665 · Cited by 84
“Understanding changes in cognitive processes that occur during treatment is an important goal of clinical research (Hertel & Mathews, 2011; Hofmann, 2000).”
BackgroundInhibition of negative content—a shared process in rumination and reappraisal
Cohen, N., Daches, S., Mor, N., & Henik, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00622 · Cited by 71
Mental imagery, emotion and psychopathology across child and adolescent development
Burnett Heyes, S., Lau, J. Y. F., & Holmes, E. A. (2013) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.02.004 · Cited by 70
Bernstein, A., & Zvielli, A. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.01.003 · Cited by 67
Ruhe, H. G., Mocking, R. J. T., Figueroa, C. A., Seeverens, P. W. J., Ikani, N., Tyborowska, A., Browning, M., Vrijsen, J. N., Harmer, C. J., & Schene, A. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00145 · Cited by 66
Cognitive mechanisms underlying the emotional effects of bias modification
Hoppitt, L., Mathews, A., Yiend, J., & Mackintosh, B. (2010) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1678 · Cited by 64
Self-citationNegative memory bias as a transdiagnostic cognitive marker for depression symptom severity
Duyser, F. A., van Eijndhoven, P., Bergman, M. A., Collard, R. M., Schene, A. H., Tendolkar, I., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.156 · Cited by 74
“In addition, non-pharmacological treatments to alter negative memory bias, such as memory bias modification (Hertel and Mathews, 2011; Lang et al., 2009; Vrijsen et al., 2018a) and neuromodulation of memory processes, might be strong candidates for transdiagnostic treatment and prevention of comorbid depression.”
BackgroundNormansell, K. M., & Wisco, B. E. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1185395 · Cited by 75
Mechanisms of selective attention in generalized anxiety disorder
Yiend, J., Mathews, A., Burns, T., Dutton, K., Fernández-Martín, A., Georgiou, G. A., Luckie, M., Rose, A., Russo, R., & Fox, E. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614545216 · Cited by 61
Self-citationFrom Personalized Medicine to Population Health: A Survey of mHealth Sensing Techniques
Wang, Z., Xiong, H., Zhang, J., Yang, S., Boukhechba, M., Zhang, D., Barnes, L. E., & Dou, D. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3161046 · Cited by 63
Woud, M. L., Verwoerd, J., & Krans, J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.003 · Cited by 61
Bomyea, J. A., Johnson, A., & Lang, A. J. (2016) · Psychopathology Review · doi:10.5127/pr.037214 · Cited by 70
“One recently developed area of work utilizes computerized cognitive bias modification (CBM) to alter information processing biases, under the assumption that these biases are causal mechanisms related to mental health disorders (Hertel & Mathews 2011).”
MethodPenton‐Voak, I. S., Munafo, M. R., & Looi, C. Y. (2017) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721417704405 · Cited by 63
Woud, M. L., & Becker, E. S. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9605-0 · Cited by 62
Hertel, P. T., Mor, N., Ferrari, C., Hunt, O., & Agrawal, N. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614529111 · Cited by 65
“More recently, by using procedures called cognitive-bias modification (CBM), investigators have gone beyond these bias demonstrations to establish causal connections from the bias to features of emotional disorders (see the review by Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationChange Processes During Cognitive Bias Modification for Obsessive Compulsive Beliefs
Beadel, J. R., Smyth, F. L., & Teachman, B. A. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9576-6 · Cited by 58
“…difficulties, CBM typically involves computer-based training paradigms that repeatedly pair threat-related stimuli with a response that counteracts the anxiety-linked bias (e.g., learning to attend away from threat cues or to make less threatening interpretations; see Hertel and Mathews 2011).”
BackgroundPositive interpretation bias predicts well-being in medical interns
Kleim, B., Thörn, H. A., & Ehlert, U. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00640 · Cited by 55
“With the advent of interpretation bias modification paradigms, positive interpretation bias could be a key factor in the context of developing prevention and early interventions efforts (Hertel and Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundHoppitt, L., Illingworth, J. L., MacLeod, C., Hampshire, A., Dunn, B. D., & Mackintosh, B. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.10.008 · Cited by 61
Heyes, S. B., Pictet, A., Mitchell, H., Raeder, S. M., Lau, J. Y. F., Holmes, E. A., & Blackwell, S. E. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9795-8 · Cited by 55
Training Ruminators to Inhibit Negative Information: A Preliminary Report
Daches, S., & Mor, N. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9585-5 · Cited by 55
“research should examine transfer of training using alternative inhibition paradigms (Hertel and Mathews 2011).”
BackgroundBecker, E. S., Ferentzi, H., Ferrari, G. R. A., Möbius, M., Brugman, S., Custers, J. A. E., Geurtzen, N., Wouters, J., & Rinck, M. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9716-2 · Cited by 49
Hughes, A. M., Hirsch, C. R., Chalder, T., & Moss-Morris, R. E. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12207 · Cited by 52
“…this basic research is carried out, this knowledge could be translated into novel clinical interventions, for example cognitive bias modification training (see Hertel & Mathews, 2011) or attentional control functioning (see Siegle, Ghinassi, & Thase, 2007) to be used alongside existing treatments.”
BackgroundInterpretation Bias Training in Depressed Adolescents: Near- and Far-Transfer Effects
LeMoult, J., Colich, N. L., Joormann, J., Singh, M. K., Eggleston, C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0285-6 · Cited by 50
Reducing Aggressive Children’s Hostile Attributions: A Cognitive Bias Modification Procedure
Hiemstra, W., de Castro, B. O., & Thomaes, S. C. E. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9958-x · Cited by 51
Accurate but Pathological: Social Anxiety and Ensemble Coding of Emotion
Yang, J.-W., Yoon, K. L., Chong, S. C., & Oh, K. J. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9500-5 · Cited by 45
Mapping Dynamic Interactions Among Cognitive Biases in Depression
Everaert, J., Bernstein, A., Joormann, J., & Koster, E. H. W. (2020) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919892069 · Cited by 45
Kube, T., & Glombiewski, J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10191-4 · Cited by 45
Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: links to anxiety and depressionPreprint
Young, K. S., Sandman, C. F., & Craske, M. G. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/uwy6q · Cited by 49
Monnart, A., Vanderhasselt, M., Schröder, E., Campanella, S., Fontaine, P., & Kornreich, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00730 · Cited by 45
Kaiser, R. H., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Metcalf, C. A., & Dimidjian, S. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9697-1 · Cited by 43
Cognitive Biases and the Link Between Shyness and Social Anxiety in Early Adolescence
Weeks, M., Ooi, L. L., & Coplan, R. J. (2015) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431615593175 · Cited by 48
Watkins, E. R. (2015) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073915575400 · Cited by 45
Soleymani, A., Ivanov, Y., Mathôt, S., & de Jong, P. J. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106117 · Cited by 41
Multi-session online interpretation bias training for anxiety in a community sample
Ji, J. L., Baee, S., Zhang, D., Calicho-Mamani, C., Meyer, M. J., Funk, D. H., Portnow, S., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103864 · Cited by 45
A randomized controlled trial of gaze‐contingent music reward therapy for major depressive disorder
Shamai‐Leshem, D., Lazarov, A., Pine, D. S., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23089 · Cited by 45
“Modification of behavior during training sessions alone is unlikely to result in far‐transfer therapeutic effect (Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundThe combined cognitive bias hypothesis in anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Leung, C. J., Yiend, J., Trotta, A., & Lee, T. M. C. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102575 · Cited by 48
Steinman, S. A., & Teachman, B. A. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036023 · Cited by 42
Jopling, E. N., Gotlib, I. H., & LeMoult, J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.007 · Cited by 39
“These studies help to establish causal associations between cognitive biases and both affective and biological functioning (Hertel and Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundWoud, M. L., Cwik, J. C., Blackwell, S. E., Kleim, B., Holmes, E. A., Adolph, D., Zhang, H., & Margraf, J. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192837 · Cited by 38
Cha, C. B., Najmi, S., Amir, N., Matthews, J., Deming, C. A., Glenn, J. J., Calixte, R. M., Harris, J. A., & Nock, M. K. (2016) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2016.1162241 · Cited by 40
“The surge of research around cognitive bias modification (CBM) brings forward strategies to change and improve biases around attention, interpretation, and memory (Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundInterpretation modification training reduces social anxiety in clinically anxious children
Klein, A. M., Rapee, R. M., Hudson, J. L., Schniering, C. A., Wuthrich, V. M., Kangas, M., Lyneham, H. J., Souren, P. M., & Rinck, M. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.10.006 · Cited by 37
“There are now several published studies that underline the efficacy of different cognitive bias modification (CBM) training formats with varying numbers of training sessions in samples with different characteristics (for reviews, see Hertel & Mathews, 2011; Mogoaşe, David, & Koster, 2014).”
BackgroundShapiro, J. F., Rakhra, P., & Wong, A. L. (2016) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2016.1147535 · Cited by 38
Connolly, S. L., & Alloy, L. (2017) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617729487 · Cited by 33
“Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a promising area of research aimed at targeting vulnerabilities including rumination and negative memory processes in order to ultimately improve mood outcomes (Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundMor, N., & Daches, S. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615578130 · Cited by 46
“CBM procedures repeatedly encourage biases in attention, interpretation, or memory and assess the effects of such training on emotional symptoms (see Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundRohrbacher, H., Blackwell, S. E., Holmes, E. A., & Reinecke, A. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.013 · Cited by 37
“Holmes et al., 2009). A line of research (e.g. Holmes et al., 2009) has been interested in the most effective ingredients of these procedures. In line with prior research suggesting a special relationship between imagery and emotion (see Holmes and Mathews, 2005), Holmes et al. (2009) found imagery, rather than verbal…”
BackgroundZvielli, A., Amir, I., Goldstein, P., & Bernstein, A. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702615588048 · Cited by 35
“ABMT has been the subject of extensive research in recent years (e.g., Clarke, Notebaert, & MacLeod, 2014; Hallion & Ruscio, 2011; Heeren, De Raedt, Koster, & Philippot, 2013; Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundVázquez, C., Blanco, I., Sánchez-López, Á., & McNally, R. J. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1150-9 · Cited by 39
Interpretation bias characterizes trait rumination.
Mor, N., Hertel, P. T., Ngo, T., Shachar, T., & Redak, S. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.08.002 · Cited by 38
“Findings from our experiments may help in further understanding the mechanisms of rumination and, perhaps, in developing ways to modify these biases and their emotional consequences (see Hertel & Mathews, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPositive imagery training increases positive self-referent cognition in depression
Dainer‐Best, J., Shumake, J., & Beevers, C. G. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.09.010 · Cited by 31
A systematic review of event‐related potentials as outcome measures of attention bias modification
Carlson, J. M. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13801 · Cited by 34
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hertel, P. T., & Mathews, A.
- Affiliations
- Trinity University (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hertel, Paula T.
- ORCID
- Hertel, Paula T.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-10-14
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 521-536
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W1995460541
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 29.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - Trinity University (Trinity University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive bias modification, emotional bias, attentional bias, interpretation bias, memory bias, emotion and cognition, emotional disorders
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