The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How Much (More) Should CEOs Make? A Universal Desire for More Equal Pay
Open accessAbstract
Do people from different countries and different backgrounds have similar preferences for how much more the rich should earn than the poor? Using survey data from 40 countries ( N = 55,238), we compare respondents’ estimates of the wages of people in different occupations—chief executive officers, cabinet ministers, and unskilled workers—to their ideals for what those wages should be. We show that ideal pay gaps between skilled and unskilled workers are significantly smaller than estimated pay gaps and that there is consensus across countries, socioeconomic status, and political beliefs. Moreover, data from 16 countries reveals that people dramatically underestimate actual pay inequality. In the United States—where underestimation was particularly pronounced—the actual pay ratio of CEOs to unskilled workers (354:1) far exceeded the estimated ratio (30:1), which in turn far exceeded the ideal ratio (7:1). In sum, respondents underestimate actual pay gaps, and their ideal pay gaps are even further from reality than those underestimates.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“American respondents underestimated the actual difference in income between CEOs and unskilled workers (354:1)”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kiatpongsan & Norton, 2014
In the citing paper
“their preferences regarding this difference (7:1) were more egalitarian than were their estimates (30:1).”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kiatpongsan & Norton, 2014
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation
Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355399556151 · Cited by 11,264
Building a Better America—One Wealth Quintile at a Time
Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393524 · Cited by 1,119
Self-citationAnalyses of Social Issues and Public PolicyPreprint
Aberson, C. L. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/j2zbe · Cited by 104
The social maximum: American attitudes toward extremely high incomes
Burak, E. (2012) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2012.11.003 · Cited by 18
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- International Labour Organization, 2013, Global Wage Report 2012/13
- Mishel L., 2013, CEO pay in 2012 was extraordinarily high relative to typical workers and other high earners
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 336
Back to the future: Old values for a new (more equal) world
Millward-Hopkins, J. (2021) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2021.102727 · Cited by 16
Theory of marketplace morality and impoverished consumers
Hill, R. P. (2018) · Marketing Theory · doi:10.1177/1470593117753983 · Cited by 12
Principles for a post-growth scenario of ambitious mitigation and high human well-being
Slameršak, A., Fisch-Romito, V., Hickel, J., Kikstra, J., Millward-Hopkins, J., Oswald, Y., & Steinberger, J. K. (2026) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-026-02580-6 · Cited by 14
Valtorta, R. R., Vezzoli, M., Mari, S., Durante, F., & Volpato, C. (2024) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2024.4 · Cited by 11
Dispositional and situational attributions for why the rich live longer than the poor
Bridger, E. K., Tufte‐Hewett, A., & Comerford, D. A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12955 · Cited by 12
Weiner, D. S., & Laurent, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000952 · Cited by 11
(Mis-)Perception of Inequality: Measures, Determinants, and ConsequencesPreprint
Marandola, G., & Xu, Y. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3898673 · Cited by 10
Some psychological determinants of broad union attitudes
McAleese, O., & Day, M. V. (2022) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.9659 · Cited by 11
Pervasive and pernicious underestimation of Asian Americans' support for affirmative action
Alt, N. P., & Goh, J. X. (2024) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12398 · Cited by 10
Millward-Hopkins, J., Saheb, Y., & Hickel, J. (2024) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103813 · Cited by 14
Measuring local, salient economic inequality in the UK
Suss, J. (2021) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x231154255 · Cited by 10
An introduction to consulting psychology: Working with individuals, groups, and organizations.
Lowman, R. L. (2016) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14853-000 · Cited by 10
Poverty and Social Policy: Perceptions Versus Reality
Malul, M. (2019) · Poverty & Public Policy · doi:10.1002/pop4.261 · Cited by 11
Lay economic reasoning: An integrative review and call to action
Bhattacharjee, A., & Dana, J. D. (2024) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.1096 · Cited by 13
A Twofold Subjective Measure of Income Inequality
Gáspár, A., Cervone, C., Durante, F., Maass, A., Suitner, C., Valtorta, R. R., & Vezzoli, M. (2023) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-023-03121-w · Cited by 9
Peters, K., Fonseca, M. A., Steffens, N. K., & Hauser, O. (2024) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2024.101811 · Cited by 9
Citizen Attitudes on Politicians’ Pay: Trust Issues Are Not Solved by Delegation
Pedersen, R. T., & Pedersen, L. H. (2019) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0032321719850073 · Cited by 9
Fat Cats and Thin Followers: Excessive CEO Pay May Reduce Ability to Lead
Peters, K., Fonseca, M. A., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., & Quiggin, J. C. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_2 · Cited by 9
AI and the Economic and Informational Foundations of Democracy
Boix, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197579329.013.64 · Cited by 9
Justice-making institutions and the ancestral logic of conflict
Sznycer, D., Sell, A. N., & Williams, K. E. G. (2023) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.12.003 · Cited by 14
Lindner, T., Mijs, J. J. B., de Koster, W., & van der Waal, J. (2023) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2023.2272263 · Cited by 9
High relational mobility is associated with perceiving more economic inequality in everyday life
Willis, G. B., Uchida, Y., García‐Castro, J. D., & Takemura, K. (2024) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12597 · Cited by 8
Economic segregation is associated with reduced concerns about economic inequality
Davidai, S., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., & Lawson, M. A. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49778-w · Cited by 8
Do People Want More Wealth and Status in Unequal Societies?
Wang, Z., Jetten, J., & Steffens, N. K. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28856-3_18 · Cited by 8
Franks, A. S. (2019) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12190 · Cited by 9
Ziano, I., Lembregts, C., & Pandelaere, M. (2019) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2022.102495 · Cited by 11
Rank Reversal Aversion and Fairness in Hierarchies
Foncelle, A., Barat, É., Dreher, J., & der Henst, J. V. (2022) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-022-00206-7 · Cited by 8
National inequality, social capital, and public goods decision-making
Skewes, J., & Nockur, L. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100112 · Cited by 8
Inconsistent allocations of harms versus benefits may exacerbate environmental inequality
Makov, T., Newman, G. E., & Zauberman, G. S. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1911116117 · Cited by 8
(Mis)perceptions about the Gender Gap in the Labor Market
Malul, M. (2021) · Forum for Social Economics · doi:10.1080/07360932.2021.1904430 · Cited by 8
High-Status Exemplars and the Misperception of the Asian-White Wealth GapPreprint
Kuo, E. E., Kraus, M. W., & Richeson, J. A. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y6p3v · Cited by 12
Phillips, L. T., Tepper, S. J., Goya‐Tocchetto, D., Davidai, S., Ordabayeva, N., Mirza, M. U., Szászi, B., Day, M. V., Hauser, O., & Jachimowicz, J. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/10888683251352048 · Cited by 65
Marrero, G. A., & Rodríguez, J. G. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/sjoe.12531 · Cited by 7
Higher income individuals are more generous when local economic inequality is high
Suss, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286273 · Cited by 8
Li, W., Wu, J., Yang, Y., Yuan, M., Lin, J., & Kou, Y. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107316 · Cited by 9
Selective insensitivity to income held by the richest
Szászi, B., Habibnia, H., Tan, J., Hauser, O., & Jachimowicz, J. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae333 · Cited by 7
Putting Within-Country Political Differences in (Global) Perspective
Garcia-Rada, X., & Norton, M. I. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231794 · Cited by 7
Self-citationSpanish Adaptation of the Support for Economic Inequality Scale (S-SEIS).
Montoya-Lozano, M., Moreno-Bella, E., García-Castro, J. D., Willis, G., & Rodríguez-Bailón, R. (2023) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2022.226 · Cited by 7
The open‐and‐shut case against inequality
Vandemoortele, J. (2019) · Development Policy Review · doi:10.1111/dpr.12484 · Cited by 7
Is The Sky the Limit? Fair Executive Pay as Performance Rises
Burak, E. (2016) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spw050 · Cited by 7
System justification makes income gaps appear smaller
Goya‐Tocchetto, D., Kay, A. C., & Payne, B. K. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2024.104646 · Cited by 6
Inequality, social mobility and redistributive preferences
Günther, I., & Martorano, B. (2024) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.106828 · Cited by 10
Why do people think that others should earn this or that?
Sznycer, D., Ermer, E., & Tooby, J. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18000559 · Cited by 5
Spontaneous anchors bias consumers’ divisions, judgments, and behaviorPreprint
Ziano, I., & Villanova, D. (2021) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2022.102534 · Cited by 6
The bright side of pessimism: Promoting wealth redistribution under (felt) economic hardship
Galdi, S., Maass, A., & Robbiani, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243486 · Cited by 6
Public Opinion and Reactions to Increasing Income Inequality
Trump, K. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108879170.004 · Cited by 6
Pay distribution preferences and productivity effects: An experiment
Cardella, E., & Roomets, A. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2021.101814 · Cited by 6
What Do Americans Talk About When They Talk About Income Inequality?Preprint
Kim, E. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2805330 · Cited by 6
Energy requirements for securing wellbeing in Switzerland and the space for affluence and inequality
Millward-Hopkins, J., Fisch-Romito, V., Nick, S., & Chevrel, E. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-59276-2 · Cited by 8
Bridger, E. K., Tufte‐Hewett, A., & Comerford, D. A. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17120-6 · Cited by 5
Adolescents’ Justice Evaluations of Earning Gaps in an Unequal Country: Evidence from Chile
Salgado, M. (2019) · Young · doi:10.1177/1103308819886467 · Cited by 5
Do CEOs receive the pay they deserve? A new vantage on a familiar question
Wowak, A. J., Mannor, M. J., & Crossland, C. (2018) · Management Research The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management · doi:10.1108/mrjiam-09-2017-0782 · Cited by 5
Do Top Executives Benefit from Employee Pay Raises? Evidence from a Federal Minimum Wage LawPreprint
Potemkina, E. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4280044 · Cited by 5
Economy for the Common Good: Sonnentor
Muller-Camen, M., & Camen, J. (2018) · Palgrave Studies in Sustainable Business In Association with Future Earth · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58804-9_6 · Cited by 6
Liu, C., & Wang, J. (2025) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.70029 · Cited by 6
Perceived and Ideal Inequality in University Endowments in the United States
Day, M. V., & Norton, M. I. (2022) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672221083766 · Cited by 6
Self-citationAmbrosio, C., Willis, G. B., & Galdi, S. (2025) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.70152 · Cited by 4
Income disparity, perceptions of inequality, and public tolerance
Wei, Q. (2022) · Chinese Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/2057150x221124758 · Cited by 5
Employee stock ownership plans and within-firm income inequality: evidence from China
Ning, P., Geng, L., & Jia, L. (2023) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-12-2022-0479 · Cited by 4
Snijder, L. L., Stallen, M., & Gross, J. (2024) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2024.102758 · Cited by 4
Everyday Conversations About Economic Inequality: A Research Agenda
Schieferdecker, D., Reinhardt, S., Mijs, J. J. B., Silva, G. M., Teeger, C., Carvalhaes, F. A. D. O., & Seekings, J. (2024) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.70001 · Cited by 6
Does the prospect of upward mobility undermine support for redistribution?
Moore, D. A., Choudhari, R., & Wu, A. (2025) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2025.105418 · Cited by 4
Are Collective Identity and Action Being Squashed by Individualism?
Peetz, D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73936-6_11 · Cited by 4
Chen, J. C., Tam, T., & Chiang, Y.-S. (2019) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-018-2011-3 · Cited by 4
Narratives of global convergence and the power of choosing a measure
Greenstein, J. P. (2019) · Oxford Development Studies · doi:10.1080/13600818.2019.1672636 · Cited by 4
Quantitative Models of Well-Being to Inform Policy: Problems and Opportunities
Cooper, C. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12083180 · Cited by 4
Are People Willing to Pay for Reduced Inequality?
Hill, B., & Lloyd, T. (2024) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2023.01974 · Cited by 4
A quantitative method for benchmarking fair income distribution
Sitthiyot, T., & Holasut, K. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10511 · Cited by 4
Comerford, D. A., Tufte‐Hewett, A., & Bridger, E. K. (2023) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/10434631231193599 · Cited by 4
Sortition and cognitive ability
Kogelmann, B. (2026) · Politics Philosophy & Economics · doi:10.1177/1470594x251414946 · Cited by 3
Fernández, J. J., Castillo, A. M. J., & Wen, F. (2024) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/02685809241262715 · Cited by 3
Li, M., Wiedmann, T., & Shen, T. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17114916 · Cited by 3
The Political Psychology of Economic Inequality
Connolly, D. J., Chater, N., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2025) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/15291006261431555 · Cited by 3
The Misestimation of Urban‒Rural Income Inequality in China
Cai, Y., Ding, Y., & Guo, Y. (2024) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-024-00444-y · Cited by 3
Invisible Inequality Leads to Punishing the Poor and Rewarding the RichPreprint
Hauser, O., Kraft‐Todd, G., Rand, D. G., Nowak, M. A., & Norton, M. I. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3051673 · Cited by 3
Self-citationA Psychology of Power that is Embedded in Societal StructuresPreprint
Kraus, M. W., & Torrez, B. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/frt72 · Cited by 4
Personal Relative Deprivation, Not Subjective Status, Explains Support for Economic Redistribution
Reynolds, J., Lively, C. J., Day, M. V., McInnis, M., Ryan, M. D., & Baldwin, M. M. (2025) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506251349584 · Cited by 2
Velasquez, M. B. (2021) · Jangwa Pana · doi:10.21676/16574923.3995 · Cited by 2
The limits of framing effects: citizen perceptions of councilor compensation
Rutherford, A., & Merritt, C. C. (2023) · Local Government Studies · doi:10.1080/03003930.2023.2174979 · Cited by 2
1. Velferdsstatens kommunalisme
Vike, H. (2022) · Fagbokforlaget eBooks · doi:10.55669/oa200901 · Cited by 2
Upholding the Social Hierarchy
Moreno‐Bella, E., Willis, G. B., & Moya, M. (2024) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000547 · Cited by 1
Public interest or individual benefit: biased perception toward Chinese redistributive policies
Liu, T., & Shen, M. (2024) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-05-2024-1303 · Cited by 2
Management compliance attention, social performance and pay gap: Evidence from China
Han, F., Jiang, Y., & Sun, Y. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324031 · Cited by 2
Beyond Identity: A Framework for the Study of Social Inequalities and Social Change
Sebben, S., & Ullrich, J. (2025) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2025.2457885 · Cited by 3
Pay ratio legislation in the United Kingdom: a prospect
Imai, A. (2017) · Journal of Investment Compliance · doi:10.1108/joic-07-2017-0046 · Cited by 2
Transformationen im Personalmanagement: Die Beispiele Sonnentor und Tele Haase
Müller‐Camen, M., Weibler, J., Matthews, B., & Rieß, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-22438-7_5 · Cited by 2
Ethische Sichtweise auf hochpreisige Arzneimittel
Nagel, E., Henzler, D., & Lauerer, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63929-0_4 · Cited by 3
Choi, G., & Park, M. (2021) · Journal of Social Science · doi:10.16881/jss.2021.10.32.4.209 · Cited by 2
4. Kan folkehelsearbeidet bidra til en styrking av velferdsstaten?
Fosse, E., & Torp, S. (2022) · Fagbokforlaget eBooks · doi:10.55669/oa200904 · Cited by 2
Highlighting Opportunities (Versus Outcomes) Increases Support for Economic Redistribution
Dolifka, D., Christensen, K. L., & Shaddy, F. (2024) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506241228469 · Cited by 4
The unheard echoes of equality: perceptions of wealth inequality in the Czech Republic
Červenka, F., & Maialeh, R. (2024) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/asap.12397 · Cited by 2
Explaining Attitudes toward Executive Pay: Evidence from a Survey Experiment
Burak, E., & Cumberworth, E. (2020) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2019.1711261 · Cited by 2
Michaud, A., Bosch, O. J., & Sauger, N. (2023) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-023-00410-0 · Cited by 2
On the Nature of Modern MoneyPreprint
Zaman, A. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2535697 · Cited by 2
Lay Beliefs about Changes in Financial Well-being Predict Political and Policy Message PreferencesPreprint
Krijnen, J. M. T., Ülkümen, G., Bogard, J. E., & Fox, C. R. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3695322 · Cited by 2
Perceived and Ideal Inequality in University Endowments in the United StatesPreprint
Day, M. V., & Norton, M. I. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cuqmb · Cited by 2
Self-citationPreprint - The Subjective Inequality ScalePreprint
Schmalor, A., & Heine, S. J. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gpx6d · Cited by 2
Fundamental and Identity-Based Social InequalitiesPreprint
Sebben, S., & Ullrich, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kr4cp · Cited by 2
Comment on ‘global human population has surpassed Earth’s sustainable carrying capacity’
Millward-Hopkins, J., Bjørn, A., & Tamberg, L. (2026) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aea236 · Cited by 2
Wang, X., Chen, H., & Blake, K. R. (2024) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.106633 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kiatpongsan, S., & Norton, M. I.
- Affiliations
- Chulalongkorn University (TH)
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Norton, Michael I.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 587-593
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W2039675961
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 51.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nrs.harvard.edu
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Social Policy and Reform Studies
- Keywords
- wage inequality, CEO compensation, wage gap, occupational pay, cabinet ministers, low-skilled workers, cross-national comparison, political beliefs, socioeconomic status
- MeSH terms
- Commerce, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Humans, Income, Political Systems, Politics, United States, Models, Economic, Internationality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review