The DOI matches its Crossref record; 124 of the 126 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Signs of Social Class: The Experience of Economic Inequality in Everyday Life
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
By some accounts, global economic inequality is at its highest point on record. The pernicious effects of this broad societal trend are striking: Rising inequality is linked to poorer health and well-being across countries, continents, and cultures. The economic and psychological forces that perpetuate inequality continue to be studied, and in this theoretical review, we examine the role of daily experiences of economic inequality-the communication of social class signals between interaction partners-in this process. We theorize that social class signals activate social comparison processes that strengthen group boundaries between the haves and have nots in society. In particular, we argue that class signals are a frequent, rapid, and accurate component of person perception, and we provide new data and analyses demonstrating the accuracy of class signaling in 60-s interactions, Facebook photographs, and isolated recordings of brief speech. We suggest that barriers to the reduction of economic inequality in society arise directly from this class signaling process through the augmentation of class boundaries and the elicitation of beliefs and behaviors that favor the economic status quo.
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“Kraus, Park, and Tan (2017) found that when Americans were asked to judge a speaker's social class from just seven spoken words, the accuracy of their judgments was again above chance”
From The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as Kraus, Park, and Tan (2017)
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The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour
Manstead, A. S. R. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12251 · Cited by 831
“…and Rheinschmidt-Same (2017) found that people’s social class could be judged with above-chance accuracy from uploaded Facebook photographs, while Kraus, Park, and Tan (2017) found that when Americans were asked to judge a speaker’s social class from just seven spoken words, the accuracy of…”
BackgroundTan, J. J. X., Kraus, M. W., Carpenter, N. C., & Adler, N. E. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000258 · Cited by 644
Self-citationThe visibility of social class from facial cues.
Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Rule, N. O. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000091 · Cited by 185
Davidai, S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.07.012 · Cited by 190
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Kraus, M. W. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000147 · Cited by 162
Metadata
- Authors
- Kraus, M. W., Park, J. W., & Tan, J. J. X.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kraus, Michael W.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 422-435
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- PMC
- PMC5453398
- OpenAlex
- W2618394217
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 56.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Yale University, School of Management
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Cultural Capital and Social Class
- Keywords
- economic inequality, social comparison, person perception, class boundaries, everyday life, speech recordings, group boundaries
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Quality of Life, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Status Disparities
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