The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mystical and other alterations in sense of self: an expanded framework for studying nonordinary experiences.
Open accessAbstract
Although many researchers in psychology, religious studies, and psychiatry recognize that there is overlap in the experiences their subjects recount, disciplinary silos and challenges involved in comparing reported experiences have left us with little understanding of the mechanisms, whether biological, psychological, and/or sociocultural, through which these experiences are represented and differentiated. So-called mystical experiences, which some psychologists view as potentially sui generis, provide a test case for assessing whether we can develop an expanded framework for studying unusual experiences across disciplines and cultures. Evidence for the special nature of "mystical experience" rests on the operationalization of a metaphysically untestable construct in two widely used self-report scales: the Mysticism Scale and the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire. Consideration of the construct in light of research on alterations in sense of self induced by psychoactive drugs and meditation practices suggests that "positive experiences of undifferentiated unity" are not sui generis, but rather a type of "ego dissolution." To better understand the nature and effects of unusual experiences, such as alterations in the sense of self, we need self-report measures that distinguish between generically worded experiences and the way they are appraised in terms of valence, significance, cause, and long-term effects in different contexts.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These mystical experiences of expansive self have long been a hallmark of the spiritual experience (Taves 2020), and are supportive in developing a greater sense of connection within the community (Kettner et al. 2021).”
From Cultural Evolution of Religion, Spirituality and Ritual: Impacts On Human Cooperation (2024) · cites this paper as Taves 2020
In the citing paper
“Many previous attempts at differential diagnosis have been based on limited textual accounts of mystical experience or on outdated theoretical studies of mysticism.”
From Progress or Pathology? Differential Diagnosis and Intervention Criteria for Meditation-Related Challenges: Perspectives From Buddhist Meditation Teachers and Practitioners (2020) · cites this paper as Taves, 2020
In the citing paper
“One issue with all three of these articles is the imbalance in their sources of information about psychosis compared to mystical experience.”
From Progress or Pathology? Differential Diagnosis and Intervention Criteria for Meditation-Related Challenges: Perspectives From Buddhist Meditation Teachers and Practitioners (2020) · cites this paper as Taves, 2020
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476
THE ELEMENTARY FORMS OF RELIGIOUS LIFE
Durkheim, É., & Swain, J. W. (1916) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.2307/3405938 · Cited by 10,708
Journal of Consciousness Studies
(2022) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · doi:10.53765/20512201 · Cited by 6,852
Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self
Seth, A. K. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.007 · Cited by 1,816 · cited 1×
“Current neuroscientific research suggests that interoceptive signals (including sense of self) are often appraised emotionally and valence thereby attached below the threshold of awareness (see, e.g., Craig, 2011; Seth, 2013).”
BackgroundJournal of Transpersonal Psychology
(1977) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/002216787701700308 · Cited by 1,729
Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5 · Cited by 1,684
Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610375557 · Cited by 1,625
The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach
Donahue, M. J., Hood, R. W., Spilka, B., Hunsberger, B. E., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1998) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1388044 · Cited by 1,339
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., Chialvo, D. R., & Nutt, D. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020 · Cited by 1,252
Research works printed but not linked: 23
- Hood R. W., 2009, The psychology of religion: An empirical approach
- Hood R. W., 2018, The psychology of religion: An empirical approach
- Hood R. W., 2000, Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 19, 232
- Huxley A., 1945, The perennial philosophy
- Huxley A., 1954, The doors of perception
- Irwin H. J., 2013, Journal of Parapsychology, 77, 39
- James W. (1890, March). The hidden self. Scribner’s Magazine, 7(3), 361–373. Retrieved from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015014288123&view=1up&seq=371.
- James W., 1985, The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature, being the Gifford lectures on natural religion delivered at Edinburgh in 1901–1902
- Kelly E. F., 2007, Irreducible mind: Towards a psychology for the 21st century, 495
- Leary T., 2014, Timothy Leary, the Harvard years: Early writings on LSD and psilocybin with Richard Alpert, Huston Smith, Ralph Metzner, and others
- Lindahl J. R., 2019, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 26, 157
- Metzinger T., 2005, Psyche, 11, 1
- Pahnke W. N., 1963, Drugs and mysticism: An analysis of the relationship between psychedelic drugs and the mystical consciousness
- Proudfoot W., 1985, Religious experience
- Richards W. A., 1975, Counseling, peak experiences and the human encounter with death: An empirical study of the efficacy of DPT-assistance counseling in enhancing quality of life of persons with terminal cancer and their closest family members
- Savage C., 1955, Psychoanalytic Review, 42, 1
- Spilka B., 2003, The psychology of religion: An empirical approach
- Streib H., Assessing spirituality in a diversified world
- Taves A. (in press). Psychology of religion approaches. In Meister C., Moser P. (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to religious experience. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://share.osf.io/preprint/46149-4A7-A16
- Taves A., 2017, Presented at the Biennial Meeting of the International Association for the Psychology of Religion
- Underhill E., 1911, Mysticism
- Vyas M., 2019, Paper presented in the Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences session at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Religion
- Wolf M. G., 2019, Paper presented in the Inventory of Nonordinary Experiences session at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Religion
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–140 of 140
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.002.0006
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0007
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.002.0003
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0004
What Is Psychedelic Experience?
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0002
(2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.002.0005
Lyon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843757.003.0003
Breeksema, J. J. (2024) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.912040905
Qualia and the Formal Structure of MeaningPreprint
Arsiwalla, X. D. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ugjh7 · Cited by 3
Molina, M. D., Molina, L., & Zappaterra, M. W. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/cgb6e
Floating Signifiers and the Scientific Study of Experiences
Taves, A. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192844064.013.21
Self-citationScience and Research on Yoga and Spirituality
Sahni, P. S., Sharma, K., Singh, D., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2855-8_15
Responding to a Variety of Comments on The Varieties
Yaden, D. B., & Newberg, A. B. (2024) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2024.2349153
ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF CONSCIOUSNESS USING THE LAW OF THE ABSENCE OF ABSOLUTE NOTHINGNESS
Koç, V. (2025) · Akademik Hassasiyetler · doi:10.58884/akademik-hassasiyetler.1521791
Neuropsychological Integration, a Sense of Relationship, and the Self as Unified Experience
Johnstone, B., Smith, E. I., & Cohen, D. (2025) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acaf056
What Counts as Religious/Spiritual Experience in the US and India?
Taves, A., & Ihm, E. (2025) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2025.2523643
Self-citationWalid, K. A., Toresano, W. O. Z. Z., Widjajanti, R. S., & Norman, N. A. (2025) · Teosofi Jurnal Tasawuf dan Pemikiran Islam · doi:10.15642/teosofi.2025.15.1.148-171 · Cited by 4
Psychedelics and Mysticism: Mapping Cultural Approaches
Tiaynen-Qadir, T. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98596-6_14
Yükseköğretimde İlahiyat Öğrencilerinin Dünya Görüşleri
Altıntaş, M. C. (2025) · Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.21547/jss.1661491
Lorenz, J., Hawkins, S., & McCarthy, B. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251406251
Diehl, V. J., Calder, A. E., & Hasler, G. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251397306
Karl, J. A., & Fischer, R. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
The “God gene” hypothesis and the neurobiological foundations of spirituality
Bal, F. (2026) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2026.2642595
Psychoactive Substances and Spiritual Experiences
Costa, R. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38971-9_2049-1
Personality Facets Systematically Relate to Nonordinary Experiences
Fischer, R. D., Hartle, L., Bortolini, G. N., Bortolini, T., Maraldi, E. D. O., & Moll, J. (2026) · Personality Science · doi:10.1177/27000710261444523
van Elk, M. (2026) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2026.2662200 · Cited by 1
Murray, C. H., Dzirasa, K., Sawyer, D. W., Waconda-Lewis, K., Pollack, L., & Muglia, L. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1751131 · Cited by 1
Wood, T., Kock, M., Dam, N. T. V., Galante, J., & Childs‐Fegredo, J. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02871-1
Reynante, B. M., & Buchanan, J. (2026) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2026.00523
Lyon, A. (2026) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2026.2659495
David, L., Pellerin, N., & Dambrun, M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0351154
Meyer, T. D., Vale, L., Ibrahim, M., Olmos, C., Quevedo, J., & Soares, J. C. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118471
Ajay, R., & Muralidharan, S. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-8006-3.ch004
The mystic trip: how psychedelic research fell for mysticism
Saville-Smith, R., & Mosurinjohn, S. C. (2026) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-026-07119-3
Hartle, L., & Fischer, R. D. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10438216/v1
Psychedelics, subjectivity, and self-awareness
Khan, U. (2026) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-026-10186-8
Jurlando, C. (2026) · Psychedelics · doi:10.1016/j.psyche.2026.100037
Psychedelic, Entheogenic, and Transpersonal Experiences
Winkelman, M. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394215683.ch24
The Loss of Self in Transcendent Experiences
Cohen, D. A., & Johnstone, B. (2026) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394215683.ch19
Navigating the Therapeutic Potential of Ego Dissolution
Malm, R. (2026) · Journal of Anomalous Experience and Cognition · doi:10.31156/jaex.28663
Metadata
- Authors
- Taves, A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Taves, Ann
- ORCID
- Taves, Ann
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-02-13
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 669-690
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- OpenAlex
- W3005896034
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 19.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2022-01-24)
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mystical experience, ego dissolution, selfhood, psychedelics, meditation, self-report measures, construct validity, cross-disciplinary comparison, altered states of consciousness
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Consciousness Disorders, Ego, Hallucinations, Humans, Life Change Events, Mysticism, Psychopathology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Stress, Psychological, Meditation, Comprehension, Sense of Coherence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review