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Cited by 1,625Cultural Differences and ValuesSocial Representations and IdentityIdentity, Memory, and Therapy

Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution

Markus, Hazel Rose, Kitayama, Shinobu·2010·Perspectives on Psychological Science
DOI 10.1177/1745691610375557
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Abstract

The study of culture and self casts psychology’s understanding of the self, identity, or agency as central to the analysis and interpretation of behavior and demonstrates that cultures and selves define and build upon each other in an ongoing cycle of mutual constitution. In a selective review of theoretical and empirical work, we define self and what the self does, define culture and how it constitutes the self (and vice versa), define independence and interdependence and determine how they shape psychological functioning, and examine the continuing challenges and controversies in the study of culture and self. We propose that a self is the “me” at the center of experience—a continually developing sense of awareness and agency that guides actions and takes shape as the individual, both brain and body, becomes attuned to various environments. Selves incorporate the patterning of their various environments and thus confer particular and culture-specific form and function to the psychological processes they organize (e.g., attention, perception, cognition, emotion, motivation, interpersonal relationship, group). In turn, as selves engage with their sociocultural contexts, they reinforce and sometimes change the ideas, practices, and institutions of these environments.

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Crossref · 10.1177/1745691610375557

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11 of 11 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Cultural modes (a group's languages, norms, customs, values, and artifacts) are essential for healthy functioning as they organize thoughts, feelings, actions, define one's place, and frame social interactions to meet basic, social, and health needs.

    “Modes are essential for healthy functioning as they organize and pattern one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions, define one’s place in the world relative to others (e.g., self-esteem, ethnic identity, cultural worldview), and frame one’s social interactions to meet their basic, social, and health needs (Kitayama et al., 2007; Markus and Kitayama, 2010; Ryba et al., 2016).”

    From Cultural trauma as a fundamental cause of health disparities (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Kitayama, 2010

  • When cultural trauma damages a group's cultural modes, healthy functioning can be disrupted because modes protect against stress and anxiety, promote self-regulation, and facilitate adaptation to external stressors.

    “When cultural trauma damages a group’s cultural modes, psychological studies have shown that healthy functioning can be disrupted as modes serve crucial psychological functions including protecting against stress and anxiety, promoting self-regulation, and facilitating effective adaptation/response to external stressors (Markus and Kitayama, 2010; Norris et al., 2002; Salzman, 2001; Savickas, 2005”

    From Cultural trauma as a fundamental cause of health disparities (2022) · cites this paper as Markus and Kitayama, 2010

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Authors
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S.
Affiliations
  • Stanford University (US)
  • University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Markus, Hazel Rose
ORCID
Venue
Perspectives on Psychological Science
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2010-07
Volume
5
Issue
4
Pages
420-430
ISSN
  • 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-6924
DOI
10.1177/1745691610375557
OpenAlex
W2122801086
Cited by
1,625
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 147 · 2025: 176 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 197 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 78 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 47
FWCI
3.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Keywords
culture and self, self-concept, identity, agency, independence and interdependence, self-awareness, sociocultural context

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