The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Vascular endothelial cell Toll-like receptor pathways in sepsis
Abstract
The endothelium forms a vast network that dynamically regulates vascular barrier function, coagulation pathways and vasomotor tone. Microvascular endothelial cells are uniquely situated to play key roles during infection and injury, owing to their widespread distribution throughout the body and their constant interaction with circulating blood. While not viewed as classical immune cells, endothelial cells express innate immune receptors, including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which activate intracellular inflammatory pathways mediated through NF-κB and the MAP kinases. TLR agonists, including LPS and bacterial lipopeptides, directly upregulate microvascular endothelial cell expression of inflammatory mediators. Intriguingly, TLR activation also modulates microvascular endothelial cell permeability and the expression of coagulation pathway intermediaries. Microvascular thrombi have been hypothesized to trap microorganisms thereby limiting the spread of infection. However, dysregulated activation of endothelial inflammatory pathways is also believed to lead to coagulopathy and increased vascular permeability, which together promote sepsis-induced organ failure. This article reviews vascular endothelial cell innate immune pathways mediated through the TLRs as they pertain to sepsis, highlighting links between TLRs and coagulation and permeability pathways, and their role in healthy and pathologic responses to infection and sepsis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor
Palmer, R. M. J., Ferrige, A. G., & Moncada, S. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/327524a0 · Cited by 10,704 · cited 1×
“After TLR activation, endothelial cells increase the expression of vasodilators, such as NO (Table 2), which decreases blood pressure and has variable effects on tissue blood flow.(125) The vasodilation and concurrent downregulation of junctional proteins cause the expansion of the gaps between endothelial cells, whic…”
BackgroundNeutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria
Brinkmann, V., Reichard, U., Goosmann, C., Fauler, B., Uhlemann, Y., Weiss, D. S., Weinrauch, Y., & Zychlinsky, A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092385 · Cited by 10,268
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Dellinger, R. P., Levy, M. M., Rhodes, A., Annane, D., Gerlach, H., Opal, S. M., Sevransky, J. E., Sprung, C. L., Douglas, I. S., Jaeschke, R., et al. (2013) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31827e83af · Cited by 9,694
Akira, S., & Takeda, K. (2004) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1391 · Cited by 8,312
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047123 · Cited by 6,491
Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129
Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated
Ley, K., Laudanna, C., Cybulsky, M. I., & Nourshargh, S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2156 · Cited by 4,354
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is a negative regulator of macrophage activation
Ricote, M., Li, A. C., Willson, T. M., Kelly, C. J., & Glass, C. K. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/34178 · Cited by 3,525
Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA
Diebold, S. S., Kaisho, T., Hemmi, H., Akira, S., & Reis e Sousa, C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093616 · Cited by 3,444
Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage
Chen, G. Y., & Nuñez, G. (2010) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2873 · Cited by 3,051
Cited by
Passing the Vascular Barrier: Endothelial Signaling Processes Controlling Extravasation
Wettschureck, N., Strilic, B., & Offermanns, S. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2018 · Cited by 286
Immunological Responses to Envenomation
Ryan, R. Y. M., Seymour, J., Loukas, A., Lopez, J. A., Ikonomopoulou, M. P., & Miles, J. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.661082 · Cited by 49
miR-154-5p Is a Novel Endogenous Ligand for TLR7 Inducing Microglial Activation and Neuronal Injury
McGurran, H., Kumbol, V., Krüger, C., Wallach, T., & Lehnardt, S. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13050407 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Khakpour, S., Wilhelmsen, K., & Hellman, J.
- Venue
- Innate Immunity
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-09-23
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 827-846
- ISSN
- 1753-4259 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-4267
- OpenAlex
- W1899433760
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 25
- FWCI
- 7.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Vascular endothelial cell Toll-like receptor pathways in sepsis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/1753425915606525
- The paper
- Khakpour, S., Wilhelmsen, K., & Hellman, J. (2015). Vascular endothelial cell Toll-like receptor pathways in sepsis. Innate Immunity. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753425915606525
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
