The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does Needle Size Matter?
Open accessAbstract
Hypodermic needles are in widespread use, but patients are unhappy with the pain, anxiety, and difficulty of using them. To increase patient acceptance, smaller needle diameters and lower insertion forces have been shown to reduce the frequency of painful injections. Guided by these observations, fine needles and microneedles have been developed to minimize pain and have found the greatest utility for delivery of vaccines and biopharmaceuticals such as insulin. However, pain reduction must be balanced against limitations of injection depth, volume, and formulations introduced by reduced needle dimensions. In some cases, needle-free delivery methods provide useful alternatives.
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“While typical needle sizes range from 21-gauge (21G) to 23-gauge (23G), opting for a smaller needle size such as a 25-gauge (25G) can reduce needle insertion force minimizing patient discomfort (Gill and Prausnitz, 2007;Patout et al., 2015)”
From Evaluation of a novel blood collection set for venipuncture in oncology patients with difficult venous access: Impact on sample quality, phlebotomist satisfaction and patient pain perception (2024) · cites this paper as Gill and Prausnitz, 2007
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Cites
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Self-citationLack of Pain Associated with Microfabricated Microneedles
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Engineering Microneedle Patches for Vaccination and Drug Delivery to Skin
Prausnitz, M. R. (2017) · Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101514 · Cited by 451
Self-citationMinimally Invasive Protein Delivery with Rapidly Dissolving Polymer Microneedles
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Guillot, A. J., Cordeiro, A. S., Donnelly, R. F., Montesinos, M. C., Garrigues, T., & Melero, A. (2020) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12060569 · Cited by 262
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Schwendeman, S. P., Shah, R. B., Bailey, B. A., & Schwendeman, A. S. (2014) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.057 · Cited by 223
Lutton, R. E. M., Moore, J. V., Larrañeta, E., Ligett, S., Woolfson, A. D., & Donnelly, R. F. (2015) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-015-0237-z · Cited by 163
Metadata
- Authors
- Gill, H. S., & Prausnitz, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Prausnitz, Mark R.
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 725-729
- ISSN
- 1932-2968 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2769648
- OpenAlex
- W2148727825
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Intramuscular injections and effects
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Intravenous Infusion Technology and Safety
- Keywords
- needle size, hypodermic needle, injection pain, microneedles, fine needle, insulin delivery, vaccine delivery, biopharmaceutical delivery, injection depth, patient acceptance
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