The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bolus Calculators
Open accessAbstract
Matching meal insulin to carbohydrate intake, blood glucose, and activity level is recommended in type 1 diabetes management. Calculating an appropriate insulin bolus size several times per day is, however, challenging and resource demanding. Accordingly, there is a need for bolus calculators to support patients in insulin treatment decisions. Currently, bolus calculators are available integrated in insulin pumps, as stand-alone devices and in the form of software applications that can be downloaded to, for example, smartphones. Functionality and complexity of bolus calculators vary greatly, and the few handfuls of published bolus calculator studies are heterogeneous with regard to study design, intervention, duration, and outcome measures. Furthermore, many factors unrelated to the specific device affect outcomes from bolus calculator use and therefore bolus calculator study comparisons should be conducted cautiously. Despite these reservations, there seems to be increasing evidence that bolus calculators may improve glycemic control and treatment satisfaction in patients who use the devices actively and as intended.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Insulin stacking (overlap of bolus doses) is estimated to occur in 60% of insulin bolus doses putting the individual at risk for hypoglycemia.22”
From Shining the Spotlight on Multiple Daily Insulin Therapy: Real-World Evidence of the InPen Smart Insulin Pen (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“two meals containing the same amount of carbohydrate can elicit different glycemic responses because of differences in food structure, processing, starch fractions (rapidly available vs. slowly available), and the effect of non-carbohydrate components (fat, protein, fiber) on gastric emptying and intestinal digestion [4,5,6,7].”
From Does Resistant Starch Formed by Cooling Pasta Decrease the Postprandial Glycemic Response in Type 1 Diabetes? A Randomized Single-Blind Crossover Study (2026) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In addition, bolus calculators integrated into medical products or software/apps can reduce wrong bolus calculations by the user and subsequently the risk of hypoglycemic events [35].”
From Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose as an Integral Part in the Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
Citations
Cites
(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291401 · Cited by 24,667
Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes
(2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa052187 · Cited by 5,138
Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014
American Diabetes Association (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-s014 · Cited by 4,572
Association of Numeracy and Diabetes Control
Cavanaugh, K. L., Huizinga, M. M., Wallston, K. A., Gebretsadik, T. S., Shintani, A., Davis, D., Gregory, R., Fuchs, L. S., Malone, R., Cherrington, A., et al. (2008) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00006 · Cited by 420
Charpentier, G., Benhamou, P.-Y., Dardari, D., Clergeot, A., Franc, S., Schaepelynck-Belicar, P., Catargi, B., Melki, V., Chaillous, L., Farret, A., et al. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1259 · Cited by 292
Delahanty, L. M., & Halford, B. N. (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.11.1453 · Cited by 246
Smart, C. E. M., Evans, M., O’Connell, S. M., McElduff, P., Lopez, P. E., Jones, T. W., Davis, E. A., & King, B. R. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1195 · Cited by 240
Wolpert, H. A., Atakov-Castillo, A., Smith, S. A., & Steil, G. M. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0092 · Cited by 199
Using Carbohydrate Counting in Diabetes Clinical Practice
Gillespie, S. J., Kulkarni, K. D., & Daly, A. E. (1998) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00206-5 · Cited by 172
Bolus Calculator: A Review of Four “Smart” Insulin Pumps
Zisser, H., Robinson, L., Bevier, W. C., Dassau, E., Ellingsen, C., Doyle, F. J., & Jovanovic, L. G. (2008) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2007.0284 · Cited by 164
Speight, J., Amiel, S. A., Bradley, C., Heller, S., Oliver, L., Roberts, S., Rogers, H., Taylor, C., & Thompson, G. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2010.03.017 · Cited by 160
Davidson, P. C., Hebblewhite, H. R., Steed, R. D., & Bode, B. W. (2008) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.14.9.1095 · Cited by 153
Gross, T. M., Kayne, D. M., King, A. B., Rother, C., & Juth, S. E. (2003) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/152091503765691848 · Cited by 144
Use of an Automated Bolus Calculator in MDI-Treated Type 1 Diabetes
Schmidt, S., Meldgaard, M., Serifovski, N., Storm, C., Christensen, T. M., Gade-Rasmussen, B., & Nørgaard, K. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2044 · Cited by 115
Self-citationKordonouri, O., Hartmann, R., Remus, K., Bläsig, S., Sadeghian, E., & Danne, T. (2012) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00880.x · Cited by 108
Poor numeracy skills are associated with glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetes
Marden, S. M., Thomas, P., Sheppard, Z. A., Knott, J., Lueddeke, J., & Kerr, D. E. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03466.x · Cited by 107
Ziegler, R., Cavan, D. A., CRANSTON, I. C., Barnard, K. D., Ryder, J., Vogel, C., Parkin, C. G., Koehler, W., Vesper, I., Petersen, B., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0251 · Cited by 106
Walsh, J., Roberts, R., & Bailey, T. (2010) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681000400516 · Cited by 103
Shashaj, B., Busetto, E., & Sulli, N. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02549.x · Cited by 96
Sussman, A., Taylor, E. J., Patel, M., Ward, J., Alva, S., Lawrence, A., & Ng, R. H. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681200600218 · Cited by 82
Enander, R., Gundevall, C., Strömgren, A., Chaplin, J. E., & Hanås, R. (2012) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00883.x · Cited by 80
Many patients with Type 1 diabetes estimate their prandial insulin need inappropriately
Ahola, A. J., Mäkimattila, S., Saraheimo, M., Mikkilä, V., Forsblom, C. M., Freese, R., Groop, P., & on behalf of the FinnDIANE Study Group (2010) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00086.x · Cited by 71
Confusion Regarding Duration of Insulin Action
Walsh, J. S. A., Roberts, R., & Heinemann, L. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296813514319 · Cited by 71
Rossi, M. C. E., Nicolucci, A., Pellegrini, F., Bruttomesso, D., Bartolo, P. D., Marelli, G., Dal Pos, M., Galetta, M., Horwitz, D., & Vespasiani, G. (2009) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2008.0020 · Cited by 69
Klupa, T., Benbenek‐Klupa, T., Malecki, M. T., Szalecki, M., & Sieradzki, J. (2008) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/147323000803600531 · Cited by 55
Garg, S. K., Bookout, T., McFann, K., Kelly, W. C., Beatson, C. R., Ellis, S. L., Gutin, R. S., & Gottlieb, P. A. (2008) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2007.0303 · Cited by 43
Benefits of an Insulin Dosage Calculation Device for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Glaser, N. S., Iden, S. B., Green-Burgeson, D., Bennett, C., Hood-Johnson, K., Styne, D. M., & Goodlin‐Jones, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2004.17.12.1641 · Cited by 39
Key elements for successful intensive insulin pump therapy in individuals with type 1 diabetes
Cukierman‐Yaffe, T., Konvalina, N., & Cohen, O. (2011) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.002 · Cited by 39
Lepore, G., Dodesini, A. R., Nosari, I., Scaranna, C., Corsi, A., & Trevisan, R. (2012) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2012.04.001 · Cited by 34
Błazik, M., & Pańkowska, E. (2012) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00876.x · Cited by 32
The Current Status of Bolus Calculator Decision-Support Software
Klonof, D. C. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681200600501 · Cited by 32
A Novel Insulin Unit Calculator for the Management of Type 1 Diabetes
Maurizi, A. R., Lauria, A., Maggi, D., Palermo, A., Fioriti, E., Manfrini, S., & Pozzilli, P. (2011) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2010.0190 · Cited by 29
KAUFMAN, F. R., Halvorson, M., & Carpenter, S. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.8.1252 · Cited by 26
Anderson, D. G. (2008) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00484.x · Cited by 18
van Niel, J., Geelhoed-Duijvestijn, P. H. L. M., & on behalf of the Dutch Insulinx Study Group (2014) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296813516215 · Cited by 8
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Walsh PA, 2006, Pumping Insulin
- Schmidt S, 2014, Diabetes Technol Ther, 15, A-1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wearable Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors: A Revolution in Diabetes Treatment
Cappon, G., Acciaroli, G., Vettoretti, M., Facchinetti, A., & Sparacino, G. (2017) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics6030065 · Cited by 247
ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: diabetes technologies
Sherr, J. L., Tauschmann, M., Battelino, T., de Bock, M., Forlenza, G., Roman, R., Hood, K. K., & Maahs, D. M. (2018) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.12731 · Cited by 197
Advanced Diabetes Management Using Artificial Intelligence and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors
Vettoretti, M., Cappon, G., Facchinetti, A., & Sparacino, G. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20143870 · Cited by 176
Reinforcement learning application in diabetes blood glucose control: A systematic review
Tejedor, M., Woldaregay, A. Z., & Godtliebsen, F. (2020) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2020.101836 · Cited by 173
Preventing undesirable behavior of intelligent machines
Thomas, P. S., da Silva, B. C., Barto, A. G., Giguere, S., Brun, Y., & Brunskill, E. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag3311 · Cited by 156
Metadata
- Authors
- Schmidt, S., & Nørgaard, K.
- Affiliations
- Hvidovre Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Schmidt, Signe
- Venue
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-05-19
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1035-1041
- ISSN
- 1932-2968 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4455388
- OpenAlex
- W4241093605
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 1.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- bolus calculator, type 1 diabetes, insulin pump, mobile application, glycemic control, treatment satisfaction, patient decision support
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Drug Dosage Calculations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
