Summer-Winter Differences in 24 h Variability of Heart Rate
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine possible seasonal changes in heart rate variability (HRV). BACKGROUND: Greater than normal mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the winter has been reported for many countries and might be partly explained by considering seasonal changes in CVD risk factors. Depression of HRV is an independent predictor of arrhythmic complications and of cardiac death, and it is also among the variables that may be affected by the season of the year. METHODS: We compared pairs of 24 h HRV data of 120 healthy men who were examined once in the summer and once in the winter. Multivariate analyses were performed for each dependent variable (HRV indexes) in separate statistical models with age, resting heart rate, serum level of cholesterol, cigarette smoking, body mass index, sports habits, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, physical activity at work, years of education, consumption of energy, and season as the independent variables. RESULTS: Although there were no seasonal differences in mean R-R interval, all indexes of HRV were found to be lower in the summer than they were during winter. Differences and 95% confidence intervals were standard deviation (SD) of coupling intervals between normal beats 12 ms, 6-17 ms; SD of 5 min mean R-R intervals 14 ms, 8-20 ms; mean of all 5 min SD of R-R intervals 2.0 ms, 0.6-2.5 ms; proportion of adjacent R-R intervals differing by > 50 ms 1.5%, 0.6-2.5% and root mean square of the difference between successive normal intervals 3.1 ms, 1.5-4 ms. Multivariate analyses showed that HRV in the winter was less than that in the summer even after adjustment for age, serum level of cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: HRV indexes of healthy men vary physiologically by season, with lowest values obtained in the winter. Since low HRV is linked to pathologic conditions, the significance of seasonal changes for those suffering from CVD and their possible contribution to the greater mortality rates in winter have to be considered.
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Kristal-Boneh et al. (2000) found HRV indices were lower in summer than winter.
“In a related analysis of 24-h HRV, Kristal-Boneh et al. (2000) found HRV indices were lower in summer than winter.”
From Seasonal Variation in Sleep, Respiratory, and Cardiovascular Parameters Assessed by a Wearable Device (2026) · cites this paper as Kristal-Boneh et al., 2000
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- Authors
- Kristal-Boneh, E., Froom, P., Harari, G., Malik, M., & Ribak, J.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Froom, Paul
- Venue
- European Journal of Cardiovascular Risk
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-04
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 141-146
- ISSN
- 1741-8267 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-8275
- OpenAlex
- W2123532448
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- heart rate variability, seasonal variation, winter, summer, cardiovascular risk, cardiovascular mortality, autonomic nervous system, healthy men, 24-hour ambulatory monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Circadian Rhythm, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Japan, Male, Reference Values, Risk Factors, Seasons, Electrocardiography, Ambulatory, Survival Rate
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