CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 16Digital Mental Health InterventionsNursing care and researchDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

Internet-facilitated interventions for informal caregivers of patients with neurodegenerative disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Open access
Boyt, Neil, Ho, Aileen K, Morris-Bankole, Hannah, Sin, Jacqueline·2022·DIGITAL HEALTH
DOI 10.1177/20552076221129069PMC PMC9585576
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective: This systematic review explored the effectiveness of internet-delivered interventions in improving psychological outcomes of informal caregivers for neurodegenerative-disorder (ND) patients. Methods: We searched seven databases for English-language papers published from 1999 to May 2021. Study-eligibility required that interventions used a minimum 50% internet-facilitation, targeting unpaid, adult informal caregivers of community-based ND-patients. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and pre-post evaluative studies reporting outcomes for at least one-time point post-intervention. Independent quality checks on abstract and full-text screening were completed. Data extraction encompassed interventions’ features, approaches, theoretical bases and delivery-modes. The Integrated quality Criteria for the Review Of Multiple Study designs (ICROMS) framework assessed risk of bias. Alongside narrative synthesis, we calculated meta-analyses on post-intervention using outcome measures from at least two RCTs to assess effectiveness. Results: Searches yielded 51 eligible studies with 3180 participants. In 48 studies, caregivers supported a dementia-diagnosed individual. Intervention-durations encompassed four weeks to 12 months, with usage-frequency either prescribed or participant-determined. The most frequently-used approach was education, followed by social support. We calculated meta-analyses using data from 16 RCTs. Internet-delivered interventions were superior in improving mastery (g = 1.17 [95% CI; 0.1 to 2.24], p = 0.03) and reducing anxiety (g = -1.29 [95% CI; −1.56 to −1.01], p < 0.01), compared to all controls. Findings were equivocal for caregivers’ quality of life, burden and other outcomes. High heterogeneity reflected the multifarious combinations of approaches and delivery-modes, precluding assessment of the most efficacious intervention features. Analyses using burden and self-efficacy outcomes’ follow-up data were also non-significant compared to all comparator-types. Although 32 studies met the ICROMS threshold scores, we rated most studies’ evidence quality as ‘very-low’. Conclusions: This review demonstrated some evidence for the efficacy of internet-delivered interventions targeting informal ND-caregivers. However, more rigorous studies, with longer follow-ups across outcomes and involving NDs other than dementia, are imperative to enhance the knowledge-base.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/20552076221129069

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Most studies report positive efficacy and feasibility for remote delivery by telephone, videoconference, or software.

    “Most studies have shown positive results regarding efficacy and feasibility of the delivery method, whether the intervention was delivered via telephone, videoconference, or software on websites or apps (Atefi et al., 2024; Boyt et al., 2022; Han et al., 2021; Leng et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).”

    From Feasibility and acceptability of a telephone-based ACT intervention for caregivers (TACTICs) of adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD): a randomized pilot during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2025) · cites this paper as Boyt et al., 2022

    The Results (Modes of delivery; page unavailable) document interventions using websites, videoconferencing and telephone, and the Results (Effectiveness; page unavailable) find a significant reduction in anxiety. But the Results (Other outcomes; page unavailable) find no significant pooled effects for burden, depression, stress, strain or quality of life. The paper does not establish that most studies found both efficacy and feasibility across those delivery methods. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 108

  1. [1]Adams JL Myers TL Waddell EM, et al. Telemedicine: A valuable tool in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Geriatr Rep 2020; 9: 72– 81. 32509504 PMC7274219
  2. [2]Feigin VL Nichols E Alam T, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 2019; 18: 459– 480. 30879893 PMC6459001
  3. [3]Aubeeluck A Stupple EJN Schofield MB, et al. An international validation of a clinical tool to assess Carers’ quality of life in huntington’s disease. Front Psychol 2019; 10: 1658. 31402885 PMC6676956
  4. [4]de Wit J Bakker LA van Groenestijn AC, et al. Psychological distress and coping styles of caregivers of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A longitudinal study. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2019; 20: 235– 241. 30654658
  5. [5]Milner L Soundy A. Motivation and experiences of role transition in spousal caregivers of people with multiple sclerosis. Int J Ther Rehabil 2018; 25: 405– 413.
  6. [8]Maresova P Hruska J Klimova B, et al. Activities of daily living and associated costs in the most widespread neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15: 1841– 1862. 33061334 PMC7538005
  7. [9]Mollica MA Smith AW Kent EE. Caregiving tasks and unmet supportive care needs of family caregivers: A U.S. Population-based study. Patient Education and Counseling 2020; 103: 626– 634. 31704030
  8. [10]Plöthner M Schmidt K de Jong L, et al. Needs and preferences of informal caregivers regarding outpatient care for the elderly: A systematic literature review. BMC Geriatr. 2019; 19: 82. 30866827 PMC6417014
  9. [11]Lindt N van Berkel J Mulder BC. Determinants of overburdening among informal carers: A systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2020; 20: 304. 32847493 PMC7448315
  10. [12]Page TE Farina N Brown A, et al. Instruments measuring the disease-specific quality of life of family carers of people with neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e013611. PMC5372121 28360239
  11. [13]Roland K P Chappell NL. Caregiver experiences across three neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Parkinson’s with dementia. J Aging Health 2019; 31: 256– 279. 29254402
  12. [14]Smith T Saunders A Heard J. Trajectory of psychosocial measures amongst informal caregivers: Case-controlled study of 1375 informal caregivers from the English longitudinal study of ageing. Geriatrics 2020; 5: 26. PMC7345989 32349243
  13. [17]Kumar H Ansari S Kumar V, et al. Severity of caregiver stress in relation to severity of disease in persons with Parkinson's. Cureus. 2019; 11: e4358. 31192063 PMC6550507
  14. [18]Alves LCS Monteiro DQ Bento SR, et al. Burnout syndrome in informal caregivers of older adults with dementia: A systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol. 2019; 13: 415– 421. 31844495 PMC6907708
  15. [20]Romero-Martínez Á Hidalgo-Moreno G Moya-Albiol L. Neuropsychological consequences of chronic stress: The case of informal caregivers. Aging Ment Health. 2020; 24: 259– 271. 30450952
  16. [21]Hansen DM Sheehan D Stephenson P. The caregiver’s experience with an illness blog. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing 2016; 18: 464– 469.
  17. [22]Young HM Bell JF Whitney RL, et al. Social determinants of health: Underreported heterogeneity in systematic reviews of caregiver interventions. Gerontologist 2020; 60: S14– S28. 32057083 PMC7019663
  18. [23]Chan CY Cheung G Martinez-Ruiz A, et al. Caregiving burnout of community-dwelling people with dementia in Hong Kong and New Zealand: A cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21: 261. 33879099 PMC8059033
  19. [24]Cole L Samsi K Manthorpe J. Is there an “optimal time” to move to a care home for a person with dementia? A systematic review of the literature. Int Psychogeriatr 2018; 30: 1649– 1670. 29667568
  20. [25]Frias CE Garcia-Pascual M Montoro M, et al. Effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention for caregivers of people with dementia with regard to burden, anxiety and depression: A systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2020; 76: 787– 802 31808211
  21. [26]Teles S Ferreira A Paúl C. Access and retention of informal dementia caregivers in psychosocial interventions: A cross-sectional study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 93: 104289. 33181425
  22. [27]Verreault P Turcotte V Ouellet M-C, et al. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions on reducing burden for caregivers of older adults with a neurocognitive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther 2021; 50: 19– 46. 33125307
  23. [29]Teles S Ferreira A Paúl C. Assessing attitudes towards online psychoeducational interventions: Psychometric properties of a brief attitudes scale. Health Soc Care Community. 2020; 29: e1– e10 33170537
  24. [30]Sacco LB König S Westerlund H, et al. Informal caregiving and quality of life among older adults: Prospective analyses from the Swedish longitudinal occupational survey of health (SLOSH). SocArXiv 2020; 160: 845–866.
  25. [31]Lam NHT Woo BKP. YouTube as a new Medium for dementia education among Chinese Americans community Ment Health J. 2020; 56: 435– 439. 31641910
  26. [32]Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M Richardson B Little K, et al. Efficacy of a smartphone app intervention for reducing caregiver stress: Randomized controlled trial. JMIR Ment Health 2020; 7: e17541. 32706716 PMC7414413
  27. [33]Ghahramani F Wang J. Intention to adopt mHealth apps among informal caregivers: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021; 9: e24755. 33729166 PMC8294641
  28. [34]Ye B How T Chu CH, et al. Dementia care apps for people with dementia and informal caregivers: A systematic review protocol. Gerontology 2021; 26: 1– 6. PMC8619761 33774646
  29. [35]Efthymiou A Middleton N Charalambous A, et al. The association of health literacy and electronic health literacy with self-efficacy, coping, and caregiving perceptions among carers of people with dementia: Research protocol for a descriptive correlational study. JMIR research Protocols 2017; 6: e221. 29133284 PMC5703980
  30. [36]Pappadà A Chattat R Chirico I, et al. Assistive technologies in dementia care: An updated analysis of the literature. Front Psychol 2021; 12: 644587. 33841281 PMC8024695
  31. [37]Trail T Friedman E Rutter CM, et al. The relationship between engagement in online support groups and social isolation among military caregivers: Longitudinal questionnaire study. J Med Internet Res. 2020; 22: e16423 32324141 PMC7206524
  32. [38]Shaffer KM Tigershtrom A Badr H, et al. Dyadic psychosocial eHealth interventions: Systematic scoping review. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22: e15509. 32130143 PMC7081137
  33. [39]Aledeh M Adam PH. Caring for dementia caregivers in times of the COVID-19 crisis: A systematic review. American Journal of Nursing Research 2020; 8: 552– 561.
  34. [40]Newman K Wang AH Wang AZY, et al. The role of internet-based digital tools in reducing social isolation and addressing support needs among informal caregivers: A scoping review. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19: 1495. 31706294 PMC6842183
  35. [41]Dalton J Thomas S Harden M, et al. Updated meta-review of evidence on support for carers. J Health Serv Res Policy 2018; 23: 196– 207. 29768942
  36. [42]Etxeberria I Salaberria K Gorostiaga A. Online support for family caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs and quasi-experimental studies. Aging Ment Health. 2020; 25: 1165– 1180. 32363901
  37. [43]Leng M Zhao Y Xiao H, et al. Internet-Based supportive interventions for family caregivers of people with dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis J Med Internet Res 2020; 22: e19468 32902388 PMC7511858
  38. [44]Ploeg J Ali MU Markle-Reid M, et al. Caregiver-focused, web-based interventions: systematic review and meta-analysis (part 2) J Med Internet Res. 2018; 20: e11247. 30368439 PMC6229518
  39. [45]Wasilewski MB Stinson JN Cameron JI. Web-based health interventions for family caregivers of elderly individuals: A scoping review. Int J Med Inf 2017; 103: 109– 138. 28550996
  40. [46]Irani E Niyomyart A Hickman RL. Systematic review of technology-based interventions targeting chronically ill adults and their caregivers West J Nurs Res 2020; 42: 1– 19 PMC8096122 31941418
  41. [48]Domaradzki J. The impact of huntington disease on family carers: A literature overview. Psychiatr Pol 2015; 49: 931– 944. 26688844
  42. [49]Boyt N Ho A Morris-Bankole H, et al. Internet-facilitated interventions targeted at informal caregivers of neurodegenerative disease patients. Retrieved from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020184335 (2020, accessed 5 January 2021). PMC9585576 36276187
  43. [51]Lefebvre C Glanville J Briscoe S, et al. Technical supplement to chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. In: Higgins JPT Thomas J Chandler J Cumpston MS Li T Page MJ Welch VA (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
  44. [52]Li T Higgins JPT Deeks JJ. Chapter 5: Collecting data. In: Higgins JPT Thomas J Chandler J Cumpston M Li T Page MJ Welch VA (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
  45. [53]Schünemann HJ Higgins JPT Vist GE, et al. Chapter 14: Completing ‘summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In: Higgins JPT Thomas J Chandler J Cumpston M Li T Page MJ Welch VA (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
  46. [56]Webb T Joseph J Yardley L, et al. Using the internet to promote health behavior change: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy J Med Internet Res 2010; 12: e4. 20164043 PMC2836773
  47. [57]Borenstein M Hedges LV Higgins JP, et al. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Res. Synth. Method 2010; 1: 97– 111. 26061376
  48. [58]Deeks JJ Higgins JPT Altman DG. Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT Thomas J Chandler J Cumpston M Li T Page MJ Welch VA (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane, 2021. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook
  49. [59]Zingg W Castro-Sanchez E Secci FV, et al. Innovative tools for quality assessment: Integrated quality criteria for review of multiple study designs (ICROMS). Public Health 2015; 133: 19– 37. 26704633
  50. [60]Austrom MG Geros KN Hemmerlein K, et al. Use of a multiparty web based videoconference support group for family caregivers: Innovative practice. Dementia (London) 2015; 14: 682– 690. 25062788 PMC4305486
  51. [62]Boots LMM de Vugt Marjolein E Kempen Gertrudis IJM, et al. Effectiveness of a blended care self-management program for caregivers of people with early-stage dementia (partner in balance): Randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20: e10017. 30006327 PMC6064039
  52. [64]Cristancho-Lacroix V Wrobel J Cantegreil-Kallen I, et al. A web-based psychoeducational program for informal caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17: e117. 25967983 PMC4468784
  53. [65]Czaja S Loewenstein D Schulz R, et al. A videophone psychosocial intervention for dementia caregivers. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2013; 21: 1071– 1081. 23831174
  54. [66]Dam AEH van Boxtel MPJ Rozendaal N, et al. Development and feasibility of inlife: A pilot study of an online social support intervention for informal caregivers of people with dementia. Plos One 2017; 12: e0183386. 28886056 PMC5590823
  55. [67]Dang S Remon N Harris J, et al. Care coordination assisted by technology for multiethnic caregivers of persons with dementia: A pilot clinical demonstration project on caregiver burden and depression. J Telemed Telecare 2008; 14: 443– 447. 19047456
  56. [68]Duggleby W Ploeg J McAiney C, et al. Web-Based intervention for family carers of persons with dementia and multiple chronic conditions (my tools 4 care): Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20: e10484. 29959111 PMC6045794
  57. [69]Finkel S Czaja SJ Schulz R, et al. E-care: A telecommunications technology intervention for family caregivers of dementia patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2007; 15: 443– 448. 17463195
  58. [70]Fowler CN Kott K Wicks MN, et al. Self-Efficacy and sleep among caregivers of older adults with dementia effect of an interprofessional virtual healthcare neighborhood. J Gerontol Nurs 2016; 42: 39– 47. 27598270
  59. [71]Fowler-Davis S Barnett D Kelley J, et al. Potential for digital monitoring to enhance wellbeing at home for people with mild dementia and their family carers. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2020; 73: 867– 872. PMC7081090 31884471
  60. [72]Griffiths PC Whitney MK Kovaleva M, et al. Development and implementation of tele-savvy for dementia caregivers: A department of veterans affairs clinical demonstration project. Gerontologist 2016; 56: 145– 154. 26566806
  61. [73]Gustafson DH Jr Gustafson DH Sr Codya OJ, et al. Pilot test of a computer-based system to help family caregivers of dementia patients Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2019; 70: 541– 552 31256126
  62. [74]Hattink B Meiland F van der Roest H, et al. Web-Based STAR E-learning course increases empathy and understanding in dementia caregivers: Results from a randomized controlled trial in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom year. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17: e241. 26519106 PMC4642792
  63. [75]Hicken BL Daniel C Luptak M, et al. Supporting caregivers of rural veterans electronically (SCORE). Journal of Rural Health 2017; 33: 305– 313. 27437642
  64. [76]Kajiyama B Thompson LW Eto-Iwase T, et al. Exploring the effectiveness of an internet-based program for reducing caregiver distress using the iCare stress management e-training program. Aging Ment Health 2013; 17: 544– 554. 23461355 PMC3695021
  65. [77]Kajiyama B Fernandez G Carter EA, et al. Helping hispanic dementia caregivers Cope with stress using technology-based resources. Clin Gerontol 2018; 41: 209– 216. 29236621
  66. [78]Kales HC Gitlin LN Stanislawski B, et al. Effect of the WeCareAdvisor™ on family caregiver outcomes in dementia: A pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18: 113. PMC5946471 29747583
  67. [79]Khazaeili M Hajebi MZ Mohamadkhani P, et al. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on anxiety, depression and burden of caregivers of multiple sclerosis patients through web conferencing. Journal of Practice in Clinical Psychology 2019; 7: 21– 32.
  68. [80]Kwok T Au A Wong B, et al. Effectiveness of online cognitive behavioral therapy on family caregivers of people with dementia. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9: 631– 636. 24748781 PMC3990366
  69. [81]Lai CK Wong LF Liu KH, et al. Online and onsite training for family caregivers of people with dementia: Results from a pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28: 107– 108. 23225697
  70. [82]Laver K Liu E Clemson L, et al. Does telehealth delivery of a dyadic dementia care program provide a noninferior alternative to face-to-face delivery of the same program? A randomized, controlled trial. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2020; 28: 673– 682. 32234275
  71. [83]Lindauer A McKenzie G LaFazia D, et al. Using technology to facilitate fidelity assessments: The tele-STAR caregiver intervention. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21: e13599. 31127721 PMC6555120
  72. [86]McKechnie V Barker C Stott J. The effectiveness of an internet support forum for carers of people with dementia: A Pre-post cohort study. J Med Internet Res 2014; 16: e68. 24583789 PMC3961748
  73. [87]Meichsner F. Acceptance and treatment effects of an internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral intervention for family caregivers of people with dementia: A randomized-controlled trial. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75: 594– 613. 30597537
  74. [88]Metcalfe A Jones B Mayer J, et al. Online information and support for carers of people with young-onset dementia: A multi-site randomised controlled pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34: 1455– 1464. 31111516
  75. [90]O'Connor MF Arizmendi BJ Kaszniak AW. Virtually supportive: A feasibility pilot study of an online support group for dementia caregivers in a 3D virtual environment. J Aging Stud 2014; 30: 87– 93. 24984911 PMC4668714
  76. [91]Pagan-Ortiz ME Cortes DE Rudloff N, et al. Use of an online community to provide support to caregivers of people with dementia. J Gerontol Soc Work 2014; 57: 694– 709. 24689359 PMC4127129
  77. [92]Park E. The effect of a comprehensive mobile application program (CMAP) for family caregivers of home-dwelling patients with dementia: A preliminary research. Jpn J Nurs Sci 2020; 17: e12343. 32363664
  78. [93]Schaller S Marinova-Schmidt V Setzer M, et al. Usefulness of a tailored eHealth service for informal caregivers and professionals in the dementia treatment and care setting: The eHealthMonitor dementia portal. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5: e47. 27050401 PMC4822652
  79. [94]Sikder AT Yang FC Schafer R, et al. Mentalizing imagery therapy Mobile app to enhance the mood of family dementia caregivers: Feasibility and limited efficacy testing. JMIR Aging 2019; 2: e12850. 31518275 PMC6715046
  80. [95]Thomas NWD Lindauer A Kaye J. EVALUATE-AD and tele-STAR: Novel methodologies for assessment of caregiver burden in a telehealth caregiver intervention - A case study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2019; 47: 176– 184. 31247618 PMC8272983
  81. [96]Torkamani M McDonald L Aguayo I, et al. ALADDIN Collaborative Grp. A randomized controlled pilot study to evaluate a technology platform for the assisted living of people with dementia and their carers. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2014; 41: 515– 523. 24643137
  82. [97]van der Roest HG Meiland FJ Jonker C, et al. User evaluation of the DEMentia-specific digital interactive social chart (DEM-DISC). A pilot study among informal carers on its impact, user friendliness and, usefulness. Aging Ment Health 2010; 14: 461– 470. 20455122
  83. [98]van Knippenberg RJM de Vugt ME Ponds RW, et al. An experience sampling method intervention for dementia caregivers: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 26: 1231– 1243. 30126766
  84. [99]Van Mierlo LD Meiland FJM Van de Ven PM, et al. Evaluation of DEM-DISC, customized e-advice on health and social support services for informal carers and case managers of people with dementia; a cluster randomized trial. International Psychogeriatrics 2015; 27: 1365– 1378. 25872457
  85. [100]Huis In Het Veld JG Willemse BM van Asch IF, et al. Online self-management support for family caregivers dealing with behavior changes in relatives with dementia (part 2): Randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22: e13001. 32130142 PMC7064946
  86. [101]Wijma EM Veerbeek MA Prins M, et al. A virtual reality intervention to improve the understanding and empathy for people with dementia in informal caregivers: Results of a pilot study. Aging Ment Health Volume 2018; 22: 1115– 1123. 28691861
  87. [102]Wilkerson DA Brady E Yi E-H, et al. Friendsourcing peer support for Alzheimer’s caregivers using Facebook social Media. J Technol Hum Serv 2018; 36: 105– 124.
  88. [103]Zimmerman S Sloane PD Ward K, et al. Helping dementia caregivers manage medical problems: Benefits of an educational resource. Am J Alzheimer’s Dis Other Demen 2018; 33: 176– 183. 29301414 PMC6237200
  89. [104]Moskowitz JT Cheung EO Snowberg KE, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a facilitated online positive emotion regulation intervention for dementia caregivers. Health Psychol 2019; 38: 391– 402. 31045422 PMC6501812
  90. [105]Baruah U Varghese M Loganathan S, et al. Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of an online training and support program for caregivers of people with dementia in India: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36: 606– 617. 33491811
  91. [107]Bruinsma J Peetoom K Bakker C, et al. Tailoring and evaluating the web-based ‘partner in balance’ intervention for family caregivers of persons with young-onset dementia. Internet Interv 2021; 25: 100390. 33996507 PMC8102413
  92. [108]Halstead EJ Halstead E Leavitt V, et al. A feasibility study of a manualized resilience-based telehealth program for persons with multiple sclerosis and their support partners. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 2020; 6: 1– 11. PMC7444140 32913660
  93. [110]Romero-Mas M Ramon-Aribau A de Souza DLB, et al. Improving the quality of life of family caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease through virtual communities of practice: A quasiexperimental study. Int J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2021; 8817491. PMC8041528 33884204
  94. [114]Kim H Mahmood A Goldsmith JV, et al. Access to broadband internet and its utilization for health information seeking and health communication among informal caregivers in the United States. J Med Syst 2021; 45: 24. 33452625
  95. [115]Christie HL Boots LMM Tange HJ, et al. Implementations of evidence-based eHealth interventions for caregivers of people with dementia in municipality contexts (myinlife and partner in balance): Evaluation study. JMIR Aging 2021; 4: e21629. 33544085 PMC8081156
  96. [117]Swinkels JC Broese van Groenou MI de Boer A, et al. Male and female partner-Caregivers’ burden: Does it get worse over time? Gerontologist 2019; 59: 1103– 1111. 30321338
  97. [119]Koneska E Appelbe D Williamson PR, et al. Usage metrics of web-based interventions evaluated in randomized controlled trials: Systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22: e15474. 32297870 PMC7193439
  98. [120]Waller A Dilworth S Mansfield E, et al. Computer and telephone delivered interventions to support caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review of research output and quality. BMC Geriatr. 2017; 17: 265. 29145806 PMC5691399
  99. [121]Demiris G Washington K Ulrich CM, et al. Innovative tools to support family caregivers of persons with cancer: The role of information technology. Semin Oncol Nurs 2019; 35: 384– 388. 31229338 PMC6660408
  100. [122]Gately ME Tickle-Degnen L Trudeau SA, et al. Caregiver satisfaction with a video telehealth home safety evaluation for dementia. Int J Telerehabil 2020; 12: 35– 42. 33520093 PMC7757646
  101. [123]Magaña I Martinez P Loyola M. Health outcomes of unpaid caregivers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Nurs 2020; 29: 3950– 3965. 32786156
  102. [125]Wójcik D Szczechowiak K Konopka P, et al. Informal dementia caregivers: Current technology use and acceptance of technology in care. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 3167. 33808644 PMC8003488
  103. [126]Sitges-Maciá E Bonete-López B Sánchez-Cabaco A, et al. Effects of e-health training and social support interventions for informal caregivers of people with dementia—A narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 7728. 34360020 PMC8345641
  104. [127]Graven LJ Glueckauf RL Regal RA, et al. Telehealth interventions for family caregivers of persons with chronic health conditions: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Telemed Appl 2021; 2021: 1– 45. PMC8164532 34093704
  105. [128]Petrovic M Gaggioli A. Digital mental health tools for caregivers of older adults—A scoping review. Front Public Health 2020; 8: 128. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00128. PMC7198719 32411643 · DOI
  106. [129]Egan KJ Pinto-Bruno AC Bighelli I, et al. Online training and support programs designed to improve mental health and reduce burden among caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2018; 19: 200– 206.e1. 29306605
  107. [130]Sztramko R Levinson AJ Wurster A, et al. Online educational tools for caregivers of people with dementia: A scoping literature review. Canadian Geriatrics Journal CGJ 2021; 24: 351– 366. 34912490 PMC8629496
  108. [131]Reese HE Reese H Rosenfield E, et al. Reflections on the theory-practice gap in cognitive behavior therapy. Behav Ther 2013; 44: 609– 613. 24094786

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Boyt, N., Ho, A. K., Morris-Bankole, H., & Sin, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Reading (GB)
  • City, University of London (GB)
Corresponding author
Boyt, Neil
ORCID
Venue
DIGITAL HEALTH
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2022-01
Volume
8
Pages
205520762211290
ISSN
2055-2076 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1177/20552076221129069
PMC
PMC9585576
OpenAlex
W4307234851
Cited by
16
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
FWCI
0.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Digital Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
  • City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
  • St George's Online Research Archive (St George's University of London) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institute for Health and Care Research (PDF-2015-08-035)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
online intervention, informal caregivers, neurodegenerative diseases, dementia, caregiver burden, psychological outcomes, anxiety, mastery, caregiver education, social support, self-efficacy, quality of life

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review