An Artificial Intelligence‐Based Chatbot for Prostate Cancer Education: Design and Patient Evaluation Study
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in healthcare. AI-based chatbots can act as automated conversational agents, capable of promoting health and providing education at any time. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a user-friendly medical chatbot (prostate cancer communication assistant (PROSCA)) for provisioning patient information about early detection of prostate cancer (PC). Methods: The chatbot was developed to provide information on prostate diseases, diagnostic tests for PC detection, stages, and treatment options. Ten men aged 49 to 81 years with suspicion of PC were enrolled in this study. Nine of ten patients used the chatbot during the evaluation period and filled out the questionnaires on usage and usability, perceived benefits, and potential for improvement. Results: The chatbot was straightforward to use, with 78% of users not needing any assistance during usage. In total, 89% of the chatbot users in the study experienced a clear to moderate increase in knowledge about PC through the chatbot. All study participants who tested the chatbot would like to re-use a medical chatbot in the future and support the use of chatbots in the clinical routine. Conclusions: Through the introduction of the chatbot PROSCA, we created and evaluated an innovative evidence-based health information tool in the field of PC, allowing targeted support for doctor–patient communication and offering great potential in raising awareness, patient education, and support. Our study revealed that a medical chatbot in the field of early PC detection is readily accepted and benefits patients as an additional informative tool.
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Patients were not completely satisfied with CAs due to lacking customisation.
“limitations such as insufficient customisation, lack of empathy, and defects in understanding free-input questions were noted.”
From The Usability and Experience of Artificial Intelligence‐Based Conversational Agents in Health Education for Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as Goertz et al. 2023
The Results (Patient evaluation; page unavailable) report that patients wanted answers and therapy recommendations tailored to their situations, supporting the concern about insufficient customization. They do not establish that patients were dissatisfied because of it; the same section reports that all participants wanted to use a medical chatbot again. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCAs were primarily designed to provide general health education information related to cancer, such as treatment methods and post-chemotherapy self-management, causing them to be short of personalised advice tailored to individual situations.
“CAs were primarily designed to provide general health education information related to cancer, such as treatment methods and post-chemotherapy self-management, causing them to be short of personalised advice tailored to individual situations (Goertz et al. 2023;Qiu et al. 2021).”
From The Usability and Experience of Artificial Intelligence‐Based Conversational Agents in Health Education for Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as Goertz et al. 2023
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a group of patients with a median age of 68 (range 49-81 years), over three-quarters did not require any assistance while using CAs.
“In a group of patients with a median age of 68 (ranging from 49 to 81 years), over three-quarters did not require any assistance while using CAs (Goertz et al. 2023).”
From The Usability and Experience of Artificial Intelligence‐Based Conversational Agents in Health Education for Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as Goertz et al. 2023
One study found patients preferred using CAs on their smartphones, while another reported they frequently used computers or laptops to access CAs.
“One study found that patients preferred using CAs on their smartphones (Chetlen et al. 2019), while the other one reported they frequently used computers or laptops to access CAs (Goertz et al. 2023).”
From The Usability and Experience of Artificial Intelligence‐Based Conversational Agents in Health Education for Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as Goertz et al. 2023
Five studies found patients had few barriers to interacting with CAs.
“Five studies found patients had few barriers to interacting with CAs (Goertz et al. 2023;Qiu et al. 2021;Siglen et al. 2023;Tawfik et al. 2023;Visvanathan et al. 2023).”
From The Usability and Experience of Artificial Intelligence‐Based Conversational Agents in Health Education for Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as Goertz et al. 2023
CAs increased knowledge.
“In addition to physical and emotional benefits, another significant support by CAs was increased knowledge (Al-Hilli et al. 2023;Goertz et al. 2023).”
From The Usability and Experience of Artificial Intelligence‐Based Conversational Agents in Health Education for Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as Goertz et al. 2023
Only one study mentioned user data security, and it reported that no one was concerned about personal data safety when using CAs.
“Only one study mentioned user data security, and it reported that no one was concerned about personal data safety when using CAs (Goertz et al. 2023).”
From The Usability and Experience of Artificial Intelligence‐Based Conversational Agents in Health Education for Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as Goertz et al. 2023
After using CAs, many patients intended to re-use CAs in the future and supported applying CAs in clinical routine.
“After using CAs, many patients intended to re-use CAs in the future and supported applying CAs in the clinical routine (Goertz et al. 2023).”
From The Usability and Experience of Artificial Intelligence‐Based Conversational Agents in Health Education for Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as Goertz et al. 2023
Most included studies reported patient-perceived effectiveness of conversational agents.
“or reported patient-perceived effectiveness (Chaix et al. 2019(Chaix et al. , 2020;;Chetlen et al. 2019;Goertz et al. 2023;Greer et al. 2019;Qiu et al. 2021;Siglen et al. 2023;Soley et al. 2023;Visvanathan et al. 2023).”
From The Usability and Experience of Artificial Intelligence‐Based Conversational Agents in Health Education for Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review (2026) · cites this paper as Goertz et al. 2023
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The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Urologic Oncology: Current Insights and Challenges
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How Information Affects Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Scoping Review of the Literature
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Chatbots for Promoting Healthy Habits and Scientific Culture
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Exploring the Potential of Chatbots in Medical Education
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Usefulness and Ease of Use of an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot for Kidney Stone Formers
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The Application of AI in Clinical Nursing, Yields Several Advantageous Outcomes
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Technological Innovations to Tackle Health Inequalities in Cancer Care
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The Promise and the Challenge: Large Language Models for Patient Education - Are We There Yet?
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Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Sector
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Managing information and infodemics for patients
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Providing Task Execution Capabilities in LLM-Based Conversational Assistants
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Comparing ChatGPT and MSKCC Nomogram for Prostate Cancer Risk Predictions: A Correlation Study
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- Authors
- Görtz, M., Baumgärtner, K., Schmid, T., Muschko, M., Woessner, P., Gerlach, A., Byczkowski, M., Sültmann, H., Duensing, S., & Hohenfellner, M.
- Affiliations
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Systems, Applications & Products in Data Processing (Germany) (DE)
- University Hospital Heidelberg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Görtz, Magdalena
- ORCID
- Venue
- DIGITAL HEALTH
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-01
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 20552076231173304-20552076231173304
- ISSN
- 2055-2076 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10159259
- OpenAlex
- W4368275176
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 15
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Digital Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Dieter Morszeck Stiftung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- healthcare chatbots, prostate cancer, patient education, early detection, chatbots, health information, usability, patient knowledge, physician-patient communication
About these checks
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