The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recent Trends in Income, Racial, and Ethnic School Readiness Gaps at Kindergarten Entry
Open accessAbstract
Academic achievement gaps between high- and low-income students born in the 1990s were much larger than between cohorts born two decades earlier. Racial/ethnic achievement gaps declined during the same period. To determine whether these two trends have continued in more recent cohorts, we examine trends in several dimensions of school readiness, including academic achievement, self-control, externalizing behavior, and a measure of students’ approaches to learning, for cohorts born from the early 1990s to the 2000–2010 midperiod. We use data from nationally representative samples of kindergarteners (ages 5–6) in 1998 ( n = 20,220), 2006 ( n = 6,600), and 2010 ( n = 16,980) to estimate trends in racial/ethnic and income school readiness gaps. We find that readiness gaps narrowed modestly from 1998 to 2010, particularly between high- and low-income students and between White and Hispanic students.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Chetty, R., Hendren, N., & Katz, L. F. (2016) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20150572 · Cited by 2,315
The Impact of Family Income on Child Achievement: Evidence from the Earned Income Tax Credit
Dahl, G. B., & Lochner, L. (2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.5.1927 · Cited by 832
Inequality in Preschool Education and School Readiness
Magnuson, K. A., Meyers, M. K., Ruhm, C. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2004) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312041001115 · Cited by 691
Is Kindergarten the New First Grade?
Bassok, D., Latham, S., & Rorem, A. (2016) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858415616358 · Cited by 582
Kindergarten skills and fifth-grade achievement: Evidence from the ECLS-K
Claessens, A., Duncan, G., & Engel, M. (2009) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.09.003 · Cited by 498
The Black-White Test Score Gap Through Third Grade
Fryer, R. G. (2006) · American Law and Economics Review · doi:10.1093/aler/ahl003 · Cited by 422
Cited by
Income Inequality and Class Divides in Parental Investments
Schneider, D., Hastings, O. P., & LaBriola, J. (2018) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122418772034 · Cited by 262
Williams, P. G., Lerner, M. A., COUNCIL ON EARLY CHILDHOOD, COUNCIL ON SCHOOL HEALTH, Sells, J., Alderman, S. L., Hashikawa, A., Mendelsohn, A., McFadden, T., Navsaria, D., et al. (2019) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1766 · Cited by 179
Literacy Promotion: An Essential Component of Primary Care Pediatric Practice: Technical Report
Klass, P., Mendelsohn, A. L., Hutton, J. S., Dunlap, M., Anderson, A. T., High, P. C., Navsaria, D., COUNCIL ON EARLY CHILDHOOD, Miller-Fitzwater, A., Roby, E., et al. (2024) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2024-069091 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Reardon, S. F., & Portilla, X. A.
- Venue
- AERA Open
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 2332-8584 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2518165160
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 140.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Recent Trends in Income, Racial, and Ethnic School Readiness Gaps at Kindergarten Entry. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/2332858416657343
- The paper
- Reardon, S. F., & Portilla, X. A. (2016). Recent Trends in Income, Racial, and Ethnic School Readiness Gaps at Kindergarten Entry. AERA Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858416657343
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
