Inequality in Preschool Education and School Readiness
Open accessAbstract
Attendance in U.S. preschools has risen substantially in recent decades, but gaps in enrollment between children from advantaged and disadvantaged families remain. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–1999, we analyze the effect of participation in child care and early education on children’s school readiness as measured by early reading and math skills in kindergarten and first grade. We find that children who attended a center or school-based preschool program in the year before school entry perform better on assessments of reading and math skills upon beginning kindergarten, after controlling for a host of family background and other factors that might be associated with selection into early education programs and relatively high academic skills. This advantage persists when children’s skills are measured in the spring of kindergarten and first grade, and children who attended early education programs are also less likely to be retained in kindergarten. In most instances, the effects are largest for disadvantaged groups, raising the possibility that policies promoting preschool enrollment of children from disadvantaged families might help to narrow the school readiness gap.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Children in poverty are far less likely than higher-income counterparts to enter school ready to learn.
“children in poverty are far less likely than their higher-income counterparts to enter school ready to learn (Magnuson et al. 2004).”
From School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach (2015) · cites this paper as Magnuson et al. 2004
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.1.i · Cited by 8,245 · see citing works
From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development
(2000) · doi:10.17226/9824 · Cited by 4,484 · see citing works
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
Panagos, R. J. (1998) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193259801900609 · Cited by 4,183 · see citing works
From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development
Carey, W. B. (2001) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200104000-00011 · Cited by 2,681 · see citing works
Hoff, E. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00612 · Cited by 2,346 · see citing works
Hussar, W. J., Planty, M., Aud, S., & Snyder, T. D. (2005) · Cited by 1,957 · see citing works
Consequences of growing up poor
Frasch, K. M. (1999) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/s0190-7409(99)00059-6 · Cited by 1,604 · see citing works
Consequences of growing up poor
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks‐Gunn, J. (1999) · Russell Sage Foundation eBooks · Cited by 1,429 · see citing works
Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention
Zigler, E. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511529320 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Cognitive and School Outcomes
Barnett, W. S. (1995) · The Future of Children · doi:10.2307/1602366 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Significant Benefits: The High/Scope Perry Preschool Study Through Age 27
Schweinhart, L. J., Barnes, H., Weikart, D. P., & Ypsilanti, M. (1993) · Cited by 1,217 · see citing works
Bradley, R. H., CORWYN, R. F., McAdoo, H. P., & Coll, C. G. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00382 · Cited by 1,166 · see citing works
Early Childhood Education: Young Adult Outcomes From the Abecedarian Project
Campbell, F. A., Ramey, C. T., Pungello, E., Sparling, J., & Miller-Johnson, S. (2002) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0601_05 · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Eager to learn: educating our preschoolers
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-1702 · Cited by 1,046 · see citing works
Longer-Term Effects of Head Start
Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/00028280260344560 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Does Head Start Make a Difference?
Currie, J., & Thomas, D. (1993) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w4406 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. A. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.18.2339 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2002) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312039001133 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Family processes as pathways from income to young children's development.
Linver, M. R., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., & Kohen, D. (2002) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.719 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Economic Considerations and Class Size
Krueger, A. B. (2003) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00098 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Modeling the Impacts of Child Care Quality on Children's Preschool Cognitive Development
Duncan, G. J. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00617 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Karoly, L. A., Greenwood, P. W., Everingham, S., Houbé, J., Kilburn, M. R., Rydell, C. P., Sanders, M. R., & Chiesa, J. (1998) · Cited by 602 · see citing works
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2002) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00438 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Izzo, C. V., Weissberg, R. P., Kasprow, W. J., & Fendrich, M. (1999) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022262625984 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Parent Involvement in Early Intervention for Disadvantaged Children
Miedel, W. T., & Reynolds, A. J. (1999) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-4405(99)00023-0 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Child Care Quality: Does It Matter and Does It Need to be Improved?
Vandell, D. L., & Wolfe, B. L. (2000) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e305862003-001 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
First-Grade Classroom Behavior: Its Short- and Long-Term Consequences for School Performance
Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Dauber, S. L. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02944.x · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Within and beyond the classroom door: assessing quality in child care centers
Phillips, D. A., Mekos, D., Scarr, S. W., McCartney, K., & Abbott–Shim, M. (2000) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s0885-2006(01)00077-1 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Campbell, F. A., & Ramey, C. T. (1995) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312032004743 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Eccrn, N., & Knoke, B. (2002) · Psychological Science · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Entwisle, D. R., & Alexander, K. L. (1993) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.002153 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
First-Grade Classroom Behavior: Its Short- and Long-Term Consequences for School Performance
Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Dauber, S. L. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131219 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Eager to Learn: Educating Our Preschoolers
Grossman, L. S. (2001) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200112000-00014 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
School Quality and the Longer-Term Effects of Head Start
Currie, J., & Thomas, D. (1998) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w6362 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Do You Believe In Magic?: What We Can Expect From Early Childhood Intervention Programs
Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (2003) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/j.2379-3988.2003.tb00020.x · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Economically disadvantaged preschoolers: Ready to learn but further to go.
Stipek, D. J., & Ryan, R. H. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.33.4.711 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Day-Care Participation as a Protective Factor in the Cognitive Development of Low-Income Children
Caughy, M. O., DiPietro, J. A., & Strobino, D. M. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00763.x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Differential calculation abilities in young children from middle- and low-income families.
Jordan, N. C., Huttenlocher, J., & Levine, S. C. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.4.644 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
School Quality and the Longer-Term Effects of Head Start
Currie, J., & Thomas, D. (2000) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.2307/146372 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Child Care for Children in Poverty: Opportunity or Inequity?
Phillips, D. A., Voran, M., Kisker, E. E., Howes, C. H., & Whitebook, M. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00764.x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Effects of a preschool plus follow-on intervention for children at risk.
Reynolds, A. J. (1994) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.6.787 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Gilliam, W., & Zigler, E. (2000) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s0885-2006(01)00073-4 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Child Care Problem: An Economic Analysis
Blau, D. M. (2001) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Child care, women's employment, and child outcomes
Waldfogel, J. (2002) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s001480100072 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationThe child care problem: an economic analysis
Magenheim, E. B. (2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-6522 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Working families and growing kids : caring for children and adolescents
Toddlers, Smolensky, E., Gootman, J. A., Policies, W., Youth Board on Children, & Families (2003) · National Academies Press eBooks · Cited by 180 · see citing works
(2006) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/(issn)1522-7219 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Day-Care Participation as a Protective Factor in the Cognitive Development of Low-Income Children
Caughy, M. O., DiPietro, J. A., & Strobino, D. M. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131396 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Early Intervention: Examining Risk Factors and Pathways to Enhanced Development
Berlin, L. J., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., MCCARTON, C. M., & McCormick, M. C. (1998) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.1998.0282 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Lee, V. E., Brooks‐Gunn, J., & Schnur, E. (1988) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.2.210 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Reynolds, A. J. (1989) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.4.594 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Early Childhood Intervention Programs: What Do We Know?Preprint
Currie, J. (2000) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The Study of Children in Family Child Care and Relative Care. Highlights of Findings.
Galinsky, E. (1994) · Cited by 126 · see citing works
America's Childcare Problem: The Way out
Whitaker, J. A., Helburn, S. W., & Bergmann, B. R. (2003) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/1556672 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Environmental Input and Cognitive Growth: A Study Using Time-Period Comparisons
Huttenlocher, J., Levine, S. C., & Vevea, J. L. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06158.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Adams, G., & Rohacek, M. (2002) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s0885-2006(02)00184-9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Another Decade of Intervention for Children Who Are Low Income or Disabled: What Do We Know Now?
Farran, D. C. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511529320.025 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Head Start: Criticisms in a constructive context.
Zigler, E., & Styfco, S. J. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.2.127 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Structure of Achievement and Behavior across Middle Childhood
Kowaleski‐Jones, L., & Duncan, G. J. (1999) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00067 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., Robertson, D. L., & Mann, E. (2001) · JAMA · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Hubbs‐Tait, L., Culp, A. M., Huey, E. L., Culp, R. E., Starost, H.-J., & Hare, C. (2002) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s0885-2006(02)00189-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Child Care Arrangements for Children Under Five: Variation across States
Capizzano, J., Adams, G., & Sonenstein, F. L. (2000) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e690162011-001 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
America’s Childcare Problem: The Way Out
Kimmel, J. (2003) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2003.08.002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Early Intervention: The Moderating Role of the Home Environment
Bradley, R. H., Burchinal, M., & Casey, P. H. (2001) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0501_1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Will fifty cooks spoil the broth? The debate over entrusting Head Start to the states.
Ripple, C. H., Gilliam, W., Chanana, N., & Zigler, E. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.5.327 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Seeds of Success: State Prekindergarten Initiatives, 1998-1999.
Schulman, K., Blank, H., & Ewen, D. (1999) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A Head Start for the 21st century.
Takanishi, R., & DeLeon, P. H. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.49.2.120 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Preschool child care and parents' use of physical discipline
Magnuson, K., & Waldfogel, J. (2005) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.387 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationState Developments in Child Care, Early Education, and School-Age Care, 2001.
Ewen, D., Blank, H., Hart, K. A., & Schulman, K. (2002) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
One percent for the kids : new policies, brighter futures for America's children
Sawhill, I. V. (2003) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Prekindergarten in U.S. Public Schools: 2000-2001
Smith, T. W., Kleiner, A., Parsad, B., & Farris, E. (2003) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e610352011-007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
School Involvement in Early Childhood
Hinkle, D. (2000) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Key facts: Essential information about child care, early education, and school-age care
Blank, H., Schulman, K., & Ewan, D. (1999) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Getting Inside the "Black Box" of Head Start Quality: What Matters and What Doesn't?
Currie, J. L., & Neidell, M. (2003) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w10091 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Day Care and Preschool Services: Trends and Issues.
Parker, R. K., & Knitzer, J. (1972) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 77 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Helburn, S. W. (Ed.). (1995). Cost, quality, and child outcomes in child care centers: Technical report. Denver: Department of Economics, Center for Research in Economic and Social Policy, University of Colorado at Denver.
- Phillips, M., & Chin, T. (in press). School inequality: What do we know? In K. Neckerman (Ed.), Social inequality. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015221 · Cited by 1,240 · see citing works
Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation
Cunha, F., Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Masterov, D. V. (2005) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.3386/w11331 · Cited by 2,039 · see citing works
Melhuish, E. C., Phan, M. B., Sylva, Κ., Sammons, P., Siraj, I., & Taggart, B. (2008) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00550.x · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Burchinal, M., Vandergrift, N., Pianta, R. C., & Mashburn, A. J. (2009) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.10.004 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
The Effects of Universal Pre-K on Cognitive Development.
Gormley, W. T., Gayer, T., Phillips, D. A., & Dawson, B. (2005) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.41.6.872 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Burger, K. (2009) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.11.001 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Does prekindergarten improve school preparation and performance?
Magnuson, K., Ruhm, C. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2006) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.09.008 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Self-citationChapter 12 Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation
Cunha, F., Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Masterov, D. V. (2006) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/s1574-0692(06)01012-9 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Anders, Y., Roßbach, H., Weinert, S., Ebert, S., Kuger, S., Lehrl, S., & von Maurice, J. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.08.003 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Loeb, S., Bridges, M., Bassok, D., Fuller, B. C., & Rumberger, R. W. (2006) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2005.11.005 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Kindergarten skills and fifth-grade achievement: Evidence from the ECLS-K
Claessens, A., Duncan, G., & Engel, M. (2009) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2008.09.003 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Early Childhood Care and Education: Effects on Ethnic and Racial Gaps in School Readiness
Magnuson, K., & Waldfogel, J. (2005) · The Future of Children · doi:10.1353/foc.2005.0005 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effects of Preschool Education
Pianta, R. C., Barnett, W. S., Burchinal, M., & Thornburg, K. R. (2009) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100610381908 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Recent Trends in Income, Racial, and Ethnic School Readiness Gaps at Kindergarten Entry
Reardon, S. F., & Portilla, X. A. (2016) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858416657343 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Blair, C., & Raver, C. C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112393 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Chatterji, M. (2006) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.3.489 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Children’s Classroom Engagement and School Readiness Gains in Prekindergarten
Chien, N. C., Howes, C. H., Burchinal, M., Pianta, R. C., Ritchie, S., Bryant, D., Clifford, R. M., Early, D. M., & Barbarin, O. A. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01490.x · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Clements, D. H., Sarama, J. H., Spitler, M. E., Lange, A. A., & Wolfe, C. B. (2011) · Journal for Research in Mathematics Education · doi:10.5951/jresematheduc.42.2.0127 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Measuring School Readiness: Conceptual and Practical Considerations
Snow, K. L. (2006) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1701_2 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Maternal employment and adolescent development
Ruhm, C. J. (2007) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2007.07.008 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationPreschool and School Readiness of Children of Immigrants*
Magnuson, K., Lahaie, C., & Waldfogel, J. (2006) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00426.x · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationPromoting School Readiness in Oklahoma
Gormley, W. T., & Gayer, T. (2005) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.xl.3.533 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Mistry, R. S., Benner, A. D., Biesanz, J. C., Clark, S. L., & Howes, C. H. (2010) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2010.01.002 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Family Socioeconomic Status and Consistent Environmental Stimulation in Early Childhood
Crosnoe, R., Leventhal, T., Wirth, R. J., Pierce, K. M., Pianta, R. C., & NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01446.x · Cited by 255 · see citing works
The persistence of preschool effects: Do subsequent classroom experiences matter?
Magnuson, K., Ruhm, C. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2006) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2006.10.002 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Self-citationPreschool Education and Its Lasting Effects: Research and Policy Implications
Barnett, W. S. (2008) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Condron, D. J. (2009) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240907400501 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Preschoolers’ academic readiness: What role does the teacher–child relationship play?
Palermo, F., Hanish, L. D., Martin, C. L., Fabes, R. A., & Reiser, M. (2007) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2007.04.002 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Social Risk and Protective Child, Parenting, and Child Care Factors in Early Elementary School Years
Burchinal, M. R., Roberts, J., Zeisel, S., Hennon, E., & Hooper, S. (2006) · Parenting · doi:10.1207/s15327922par0601_4 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Winsler, A., Tran, H., Hartman, S. C., Madigan, A. L., Manfra, L., & Bleiker, C. (2008) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2008.02.003 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
A Vision for Universal Preschool Education
Zigler, E., Gilliam, W., & Jones, S. M. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139167284 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The impacts of an early mathematics curriculum on oral language and literacy
Sarama, J., Lange, A. A., Clements, D., & Wolfe, C. B. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.12.002 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Poverty, Race, and Parental Involvement During the Transition to Elementary School
Cooper, C. E., Crosnoe, R. L., Suizzo, M., & Pituch, K. A. (2009) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x09351515 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Closing the gap in academic readiness and achievement: the role of early childcare
Geoffroy, M., Côté, S. M., Giguère, C., Dionne, G., Zelazo, P. D., Tremblay, R. E., Boivin, M., & Séguin, J. R. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02316.x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
McCartney, K., Burchinal, M. A., Clarke‐Stewart, A., Bub, K. L., Owen, M. T., & Belsky, J. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017886 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Academic Content, Student Learning, and the Persistence of Preschool Effects
Claessens, A., Engel, M., & Curran, F. C. (2014) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831213513634 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Effects of Oklahoma's Pre‐K Program on Hispanic Children<sup>*</sup>
Gormley, W. T. (2008) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2008.00591.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Instruction, teacher–student relations, and math achievement trajectories in elementary school.
Crosnoe, R. L., Morrison, F. J., Burchinal, M. A., Pianta, R. C., Keating, D. P., Friedman, S. L., & Clarke‐Stewart, K. A. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017762 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Yoshikaw, H., Weiland, C., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (2016) · The Future of Children · doi:10.1353/foc.2016.0010 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Early Child Care and the School Readiness of Children from Mexican Immigrant Families
Crosnoe, R. (2007) · International Migration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00060.x · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Nelson, G., & McMaster, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000334 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The Long-Term Effects of Universal Preschool in Boston
Gray-Lobe, G., Pathak, P. A., & Walters, C. (2022) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjac036 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Phillips, D. A., Gormley, W. T., & Lowenstein, A. E. (2009) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.05.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Stichwort: Auswirkungen frühkindlicher institutioneller Betreuung und Bildung
Anders, Y. (2013) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-013-0357-5 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Experimental Evidence on Distributional Effects of Head Start
Bitler, M., Hoynes, H. W., & Domina, T. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20434 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Linebarger, D. L., & Piotrowski, J. (2009) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151008x400445 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Primary Teachers' Conceptions of Giftedness
Moon, T. R., & Brighton, C. M. (2008) · journal for the education of the gifted · doi:10.4219/jeg-2008-793 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Li, F., Godinet, M. T., & Arnsberger, P. (2010) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.08.026 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Goldfeld, S. R., O’Connor, E. J., O’Connor, M., Sayers, M., Moore, T., Kvalsvig, A., & Brinkman, S. A. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.11.001 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Economics of Investing in Universal Preschool Education in California
Karoly, L. A., & Bigelow, J. H. (2005) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/mg349 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Duncan, G. J., & Sojourner, A. (2013) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.48.4.945 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Health and the education of children from racial/ethnic minority and immigrant families.
Crosnoe, R. (2006) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650604700106 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Selection into early education and care settings: Differences by developmental period
Coley, R. L., Votruba‐Drzal, E., Collins, M. A., & Miller, P. L. (2014) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.03.006 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Canadian evidence on ten years of universal preschool policies: The good and the bad
Haeck, C., Lefèbvre, P., & Merrigan, P. (2015) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.05.002 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Bainbridge, J., Meyers, M. K., Tanaka, S., & Waldfogel, J. (2005) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00326.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effects of Universal Pre‐K in Oklahoma: Research Highlights and Policy Implications
Gormley, W. T., & Phillips, D. A. (2005) · Policy Studies Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2005.00092.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Anders, Y., & Rossbach, H. (2015) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2015.1040564 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Burchinal, M., Magnuson, K., Powell, D. R., & Hong, S. S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy406 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly academic skills and childhood experiences across the urban–rural continuum
Miller, P. L., & Votruba‐Drzal, E. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.12.005 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Burchinal, M., Vernon‐Feagans, L., Vitiello, V. E., & Greenberg, M. T. (2013) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.09.004 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Is Separate Still Unequal? New Evidence on School Segregation and Racial Academic Achievement Gaps
Reardon, S. F., Weathers, E. S., Fahle, E. M., Jang, H., & Kalogrides, D. (2024) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224241297263 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Family Socioeconomic Status, Parent Expectations, and a Child's Achievement
Stull, J. C. (2013) · Research in Education · doi:10.7227/rie.90.1.4 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Lehrl, S., Kluczniok, K., & Rossbach, H. (2016) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.01.013 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Vernon‐Feagans, L., & Bratsch‐Hines, M. (2013) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.08.002 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Duncan, G. J., & Sojourner, A. (2013) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1353/jhr.2013.0025 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Assessing Sensitivity to Unmeasured Confounding Using a Simulated Potential Confounder
Carnegie, N. B., Harada, M., & Hill, J. (2016) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2015.1078862 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
School’s Out: The Role of Summers in Understanding Achievement Disparities
Atteberry, A., & McEachin, A. J. (2020) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831220937285 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Lee, R., Zhai, F., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., Han, W., & Waldfogel, J. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032280 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationWaldfogel, J., & Washbrook, E. (2011) · Child Development Research · doi:10.1155/2011/343016 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationBecker, B. (2011) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01345.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Neighborhood Child Opportunity Index and Adolescent Cardiometabolic Risk
Aris, I. M., Rifas‐Shiman, S. L., Jimenez, M. P., Li, L., Hivert, M., Oken, E., & James, P. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-018903 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cognitive performance and academic achievement: How do family and school converge?
Alves, A. F., Gomes, C. M. A., Martins, A., & Almeida, L. S. (2017) · European Journal of Education and Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ejeps.2017.07.001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Blewitt, C., O’Connor, A., Morris, H., Mousa, A., Bergmeier, H. J., Nolan, A., Jackson, K., Barrett, H., & Skouteris, H. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17031049 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Yazejian, N., Bryant, D., Freel, K., & Burchinal, M. A. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.02.002 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Early childhood care and education: Lessons and puzzles
Gormley, W. T. (2007) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.20269 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Hall, J., Sylva, Κ., Melhuish, E. C., Sammons, P., Siraj, I., & Taggart, B. (2009) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054980902934613 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Sammons, P., Anders, Y., Sylva, Κ., Melhuish, E. C., Siraj, I., Taggart, B., & Barreau, S. (2009) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-91452-7_12 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Trends in Income-Related Gaps in Enrollment in Early Childhood Education
Magnuson, K., & Waldfogel, J. (2016) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858416648933 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationParental leave, childcare and gender equality in the Nordic countries
Brandth, B., Eydal, G. B., Lammi-Taskula, J., Gíslason, I. V., Duvander, A., & Rostgaard, T. (2012) · TemaNord · doi:10.6027/tn2011-562 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The persistence of preschool effects from early childhood through adolescence.
Ansari, A. (2018) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000255 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Literature review: Transition from early childhood education to school
Peters, S. (2010) · Research Commons (University of Waikato) · Cited by 80 · see citing works
(2022) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.47750/pegegog.12.02.04 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Academic Achievements of Children in Immigrant Families
Han, W. (2006) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.5897/err.9000019 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Votruba‐Drzal, E., Coley, R. L., Koury, A. S., & Miller, P. L. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032951 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Coddington, C. H., Mistry, R. S., & Bailey, A. L. (2014) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.06.004 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Preschools Reduce Early Academic Achievement Gaps: A Longitudinal Twin Approach
Tucker-Drob, E. (2012) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611426728 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Amato, P. R. (2014) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12069 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Anders, Y., Sammons, P., Taggart, B., Sylva, Κ., Melhuish, E. C., & Siraj, I. (2010) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1080/01411921003725338 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Long-term effects of public early childhood education on academic achievement in Chile
Cortázar, A. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.01.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Social Disadvantage and Education Experiences
Machin, S. J. (2006) · OECD social employment and migration working papers · doi:10.1787/715165322333 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Continuities and Consistencies Across Home and School Systems
Crosnoe, R. L. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16931-6_4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Early reading achievement of children in immigrant families: Is there an immigrant paradox?
Palacios, N. A., Guttmannova, K., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (2008) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012863 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Bulotsky‐Shearer, R. J., Wen, X., Faria, A.-M., Hahs‐Vaughn, D. L., & Korfmacher, J. (2012) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.02.001 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Tudge, J. R. H., Doucet, F., Odero-Wanga, D., Sperb, T. M., Piccinini, C. A., & Lopes, R. D. C. S. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00947.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Coley, R. L., Votruba‐Drzal, E., Collins, M. A., & Cook, K. D. (2016) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.11.002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Blewitt, C., O’Connor, A., Morris, H., Nolan, A., Mousa, A., Green, R., Ifanti, A. Α., Jackson, K., & Skouteris, H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041530 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Segregation and School Choice in American Public Schools
Marcotte, D. E., & Dalane, K. (2019) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x19879714 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Children’s cortisol levels and quality of child care provision
Sims, M., Guilfoyle, A. M., & Parry, T. (2006) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00632.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Development of early handwriting: Visual-motor control during letter copying.
Maldarelli, J. E., Kahrs, B. A., Hunt, S. C., & Lockman, J. J. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039424 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bassok, D., Fitzpatrick, M., & Loeb, S. (2014) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2014.07.001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
- Authors
- Magnuson, K. A., Meyers, M. K., Ruhm, C. J., & Waldfogel, J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
- Venue
- American Educational Research Journal
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 115-157
- ISSN
- 0002-8312 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-1011
- OpenAlex
- W2132172481
- Cited by
- 691
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 110.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- libres.uncg.edu
- Locations
- American Educational Research Journal (publishedVersion)
- NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
- Keywords
- preschool education, school readiness, educational inequality, child care, early childhood education, reading skills, mathematical skills, kindergarten retention, disadvantaged children, family background, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
