Sign Me Up: The Factors Predicting Students’ Enrollment in an Early-Commitment Scholarship Program
Open accessAbstract
We investigate factors influencing student sign-ups for Washington State’s College Bound Scholarship program and consider whether there is scope for the program to change college enrollment expectations. We find that student characteristics associated with signing the scholarship pledge closely parallel characteristics of low-income students who attend 4-year colleges, suggesting that signing the pledge is driven largely by preexisting expectations of college going. We also find evidence that student sign-up rates are lower than have been previously reported, which is important given the perception among program administrators that nearly all eligible students sign up.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Goldhaber, Long, Gratz and Rooklyn (2019) find largely null effects of the Washington College Bound Scholarship program on academic and behavioral outcomes during high school.
“Using a triple-difference specification, Goldhaber, Long, Gratz and Rooklyn (2019) find largely null effects of the CBS program on academic and behavioral outcomes during high school.”
From College Costs, Financial Aid, and Student Decisions (2022) · cites this paper as Goldhaber, Long, Gratz and Rooklyn, 2019
A note in the Discussion and Conclusion reports preliminary triple-difference results with no statistically significant evidence of effects on most listed academic and behavioral outcomes. But it identifies Goldhaber, Long, Gratz, and Rooklyn (2019) as a separate working paper, rather than an analysis conducted in this source; it also notes a marginally significant grade result and a possible effect on incarceration as a young adult. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321947001 · Cited by 1,874 · see citing works
Losing HOPE: Financial aid and the line between college and work
Carruthers, C. K., & Özek, U. (2016) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.03.014 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
LeGower, M., & Walsh, R. (2017) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2017.06.001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 30
- Altonji, J. G., Blom, E., & Meghir, C. (2012). Heterogeneity in human capital investments: High school curriculum, college major, and careers. Annual Review of Economics, 4(1), 185-223.
- Avery, C., & Kane, T. J. (2004). Student perceptions of college opportunities: The Boston COACH program. In C. Hoxby (Ed.), College choices: The economics of where to go, when to go, and how to pay for it (pp. 355-394). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Bartik, T. J., Hershbein, B., & Lachowska, M. (2017). The effects of the Kalamazoo Promise Scholarship on college enrollment, persistence, and completion. Working Paper 15-229, W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI. https://doi.org/10.17848/wp15-229 · DOI
- Becker, G. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Bettinger, E., Long, B. T., Oreopoulos, P., & Sanbonmatsu, L. (2012). The role of application assistance and information in college decisions: Results from the H&R Block FAFSA experi- ment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(3), 1205-1242.
- Cameron, A. C., & Miller, D. L. (2015). A practitioner's guide to cluster-robust inference. Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), 317-372.
- Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconomics: Methods and applications. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Choy, S. P. (2001). Students whose parents did not go to college: Postsecondary access, persistence, and attainment. In B. Kridl, & A. Livingston (Eds.), The condition of education (pp. 18-43). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
- Cornwell, C., Mustard, D. B., & Sridhar, D. J. (2006). The enroll- ment effects of merit-based financial aid: Evidence from Georgia's HOPE Program. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(4), 761-786.
- Dynarski, S. (2000). Hope for whom? Financial aid for the mid- dle class and its impact on college attendance. National Tax Journal, 53(3), 629-662.
- Dynarski, S. M. (2004). The new merit aid. In C. M. Hoxby (Ed.), College choices: The economics of where to go, when to go, and how to pay for it (pp. 63-97). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Dynarski, S. M., & Scott-Clayton, J. E. (2006). The cost of com- plexity in federal student aid: Lessons from optimal tax theory and behavioral economics. Working Paper 12227, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
- Hill, N. E., & Wang, M. T. (2015). From middle school to col- lege: Developing aspirations, promoting engagement, and indi- rect pathways from parenting to post high school enrollment. Developmental Psychology, 51(2), 224.
- Howard, T. C. (2003). "A tug of war for our minds": African American high school students' perceptions of their academic identities and college aspirations. High School Journal, 87(1), 4-17.
- Hurwitz, M., & Howell, J. (2014). Estimating causal impacts of school counselors with regression discontinuity designs. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(3), 316-327.
- Jacob, B. A., & Linkow, T. W. (2011). Educational expectations and attainment. In G. Duncan, & R. Murnane (Eds.), Wither oppor- tunity? Rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances (pp. 133-164). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Kirk, C. M., Lewis-Moss, R. K., Nilsen, C., & Colvin, D. Q. (2011). The role of parent expectations on adolescent educational aspi- rations. Educational Studies, 37(1), 89-99.
- Kirst, M. W., Venezia, A., & Antonio, A. L. (2004). What have we learned, and where do we go next? In M. W. Kirst, & A. Venezia (Eds.), From high school to college: Improving oppor- tunities for success in postsecondary education (pp. 285-319).
- Long, B. T. (2004). How do financial aid policies affect colleges? The institutional impact of the Georgia HOPE Scholarship. Journal of Human Resources, 39(4), 1045-1066.
- Long, B. T., & Riley, E. (2007). Financial aid: A broken bridge to college access? Harvard Educational Review, 77(1), 39-63.
- Oreopoulos, P., & Dunn, R. (2012). Information and college access: Evidence from a randomized field experiment. Working Paper No. 18551, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
- Page, L. C., Iriti, J. E., Lowry, D. J., & Anthony, A. M. (in press). The promise of place-based investment in postsecondary access and success: Investigating the impact of the Pittsburgh Promise. Education Finance and Policy.
- Perna, L. W. (2008). Understanding high school students' will- ingness to borrow to pay college prices. Research in Higher Education, 49(7), 589-606.
- Perna, L. W., & Leigh, E. W. (2017). Understanding the prom- ise: A typology of state and local college promise programs. Educational Researcher. Advance online publication. https:// doi.org/10.3102/0013189X17742653 · DOI
- Power, M. A. (2011). Case study: Multiple agency collabora- tion to enroll students in Washington State's College Bound Scholarship program 2008 through 2011. WERA Educational Journal, 4(1), 13-14.
- Scott-Clayton, J. (2011). On money and motivation: A quasi-exper- imental analysis of financial incentives for college achievement. Journal of Human Resources, 46(3), 614-646.
- Sjoquist, D. L., & Winters, J.V. (2014). Merit aid and post-college retention in the state. Journal of Urban Economics, 80, 39-50.
- St. John, E. P. S., Hu, S., & Weber, J. (2001). State policy and the affordability of public higher education: The influence of state grants on persistence in Indiana. Research in Higher Education, 42(4), 401-428.
- St. John, E. P., Musoba, G. D., & Simmons, A. B. (2003). Keeping the promise: The impact of Indiana's twenty-first century schol- ars program. Review of Higher Education, 27(1), 103-123.
- St. John, E. P. S., Musoba, G. D., Simmons, A., Chung, C. G., Schmit, J., & Peng, C. Y. J. (2004). Meeting the access chal- lenge: An examination of Indiana's Twenty-first Century Scholars Program. Research in Higher Education, 45(8), 829- 871.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
College Costs, Financial Aid, and Student Decisions
Dynarski, S., Page, L., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30275 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
- Authors
- Goldhaber, D., Long, M. C., Person, A. E., Rooklyn, J., & Gratz, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Mathematica Policy Research (US)
- Venue
- AERA Open
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 2332-8584 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2949639677
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- AERA Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Education (R305A140380)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare
- Keywords
- student enrollment decisions, low-income students, college access, Washington State
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review