The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sticks, Stones, and Molotov Cocktails: Unarmed Collective Violence and Democratization
Open accessAbstract
The literature on civil resistance finds that nonviolent campaigns are more likely to succeed than violent insurgencies. A parallel literature on democratization poses mass mobilization as exogenous to political liberalization. Contributing to both literatures, we propose the category of unarmed collective violence to capture an empirically recurring form of unruly collective action used by civilians and then use a mixed methods research design to examine its impact on democratization. An event history analysis finds that riots are positively associated with political liberalization in 103 nondemocracies from 1990 to 2004. Attacks by civilians on police stations during the January 25 Egyptian Revolution illustrate one way in which unarmed collective violence can bring about a democratic breakthrough. A qualitative examination of all 80 democratic transitions held between 1980 and 2010 also reveals the salience of unarmed collective violence by civilian forces. These findings contribute to research on the dynamics of contentious democratization and suggest that remaining unarmed may be more consequential for a democracy campaign than adhering to nonviolence.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Proportional Hazards Model for the Subdistribution of a Competing Risk
Fine, J. P., & Gray, R. J. (1999) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10474144 · Cited by 14,290 · cited 1×
“8 Because a given political regime is at risk of both lib-eralizing and deliberalizing, we use a competing risk model (Fine and Gray 1999).”
MethodWhat Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?
Geddes, B. (1999) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115 · Cited by 2,025
Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule
HAGGARD, S., & KAUFMAN, R. R. (2012) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055412000287 · Cited by 300 · cited 1×
“Scholars of democratization often use this measure in studies of democratic transitions (Celestino and Gleditsch 2013; Haggard and Kaufman 2012).”
BackgroundUrban subalterns in the Arab revolutions: Cairo and Damascus in comparative perspective
Ismail, S. (2013) · Comparative Studies in Society and History · doi:10.1017/s0010417513000443 · Cited by 80
Research works printed but not linked: 62
- 10.1017/CBO9780511510809 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0022002714564014 · DOI
- Ashour Omar, 2012, From Bad Cop to Good Cop: The Challenge of Security Sector Reform in Egypt
- 10.5129/001041515816075132 · DOI
- 10.2307/422123 · DOI
- 10.2307/799903 · DOI
- 10.1017/S0003055411000402 · DOI
- 10.1177/0010414005276666 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00384.x · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00463.x · DOI
- 10.1093/socpro/spw030 · DOI
- 10.1353/jod.2002.0003 · DOI · Paper page
- Case Ben, Journal of Resistance Studies
- 10.1177/0022343310368336 · DOI
- 10.1177/0022343312469979 · DOI
- 10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-427 · DOI
- Chenoweth Erica, 2012, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict
- 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · DOI · Paper page
- Cox David Roxbee, 1984, Analysis of Survival Data
- 10.1080/09651560600643627 · DOI
- 10.1353/jod.2014.0018 · DOI
- 10.2747/1060-586X.20.4.320 · DOI
- 10.1017/S1537592714000851 · DOI
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199394982.001.0001 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00189.x · DOI
- Huntington Samuel P., 1993, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century
- 10.1086/227388 · DOI
- Ismail Salwa, 2006, Political Life in Cairo’s New Quarters: Encountering the Everyday State
- 10.1093/sf/sov096 · DOI
- 10.1017/S0010417513000650 · DOI
- 10.1017/9781316882702 · DOI
- King Gary, Lowe Will. 2003. “10 Million International Dyadic Events.” IQSS Dataverse Network, https://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/FYXLAWZRIA
- 10.17813/1086-671X-20-4-453 · DOI
- 10.5129/001041516817037691 · DOI
- Moore B., 1966, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World
- 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00694.x · DOI
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778201.001.0001 · DOI
- 10.1177/0022343313476529 · DOI
- O’Donnell Guillermo, 1986, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Vol. 4: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies
- Piven Frances Fox, 1979, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail
- 10.5129/001041515816103239 · DOI
- 10.1177/0010836717701967 · DOI
- 10.1017/CBO9781139172493 · DOI · Paper page
- Przeworski Adam, 1997, World Politics, 49
- 10.1017/S002081831100018X · DOI
- Ritter Daniel, 2015, The Iron Cage of Liberalism: International Politics and Unarmed Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa
- 10.1515/9781400841929 · DOI
- Rueschemeyer Dietrich, 1992, Capitalist Development and Democracy
- 10.1177/0268580914551306 · DOI
- Sarkees Meredith Reid, 2010, Resort to War: A Data Guide to Inter-state, Extra-state, Intra-state, and Non-state Wars, 1816–2007
- Schock Kurt, 2005, Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies
- 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00067.x · DOI
- 10.5129/001041515814224444 · DOI
- 10.1017/CBO9780511762727 · DOI
- 10.1017/CBO9780511756092 · DOI
- 10.1017/CBO9780511819131 · DOI
- 10.1177/0192512105053786 · DOI
- Wood Elisabeth Jean, 2000, Forging Democracy from below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador
- 10.1596/978-0-8213-8985-0 · DOI
- 10.2189/asqu.2009.54.3.379 · DOI
- 10.1017/S0022278X99002967 · DOI
- 10.1080/10402659.2011.596088 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.004
Unpopular Protest: Mass Mobilization and Attitudes to Democracy in Post-Mubarak Egypt
Ketchley, N., & El-Rayyes, T. (2020) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/709298 · Cited by 88
Self-citationThe Role of Violence in Nonviolent Resistance
Chenoweth, E. (2023) · Annual review of political science (Palo Alto, Calif. Print) · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051421-124128 · Cited by 43
Debunking the Myths Behind Nonviolent Civil Resistance
Anisin, A. (2020) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/0896920520913982 · Cited by 29
“For example, Kadivar and Ketchley (2018) describe the 2000 Serbian “OTPOR” revolution as a transition that featured a high degree of unarmed violence.”
BackgroundInfluentialMoral Logics of Support for Nonviolent Resistance: Evidence From a Cross-National Survey Experiment
Dahlum, S., Pinckney, J. C., & Wig, T. (2022) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140221100198 · Cited by 38
Updating nonviolent campaigns: Introducing NAVCO 2.1
Chenoweth, E., & Shay, C. (2017) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433221092938 · Cited by 27
“Scholars disagree, however, about whether a violent flank (entailing that at least some campaign participants used some violence against property or human beings) increases or decreases the likelihood of campaign success (Haines, 1984; Chenoweth & Schock, 2015; Kadivar & Ketchley, 2018).”
BackgroundLee, C. S., Merizalde, J., Colautti, J. D., An, J., & Kwak, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2022.876070 · Cited by 32
Belgioioso, M., Costalli, S., & Gleditsch, K. (2019) · Terrorism and Political Violence · doi:10.1080/09546553.2018.1559836 · Cited by 16
Tolerant Solidarity With Violent Protesters: Evidence From a Survey Experiment
Yuen, S. (2023) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027231154451 · Cited by 15
Svensson, I., Schaftenaar, S., & Allansson, M. (2022) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027221109791 · Cited by 14
“There is a growing scholarly interest in the dynamics and effect of riots, including political riots (e.g. Abbs and Gleditsch 2021, Aidt and Leon 2016, Kadivar and Ketchley 2018).”
HASSAN, M. (2024) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055423000291 · Cited by 12
“Kadivar and Ketchley (2018, 10) focus on collective action of a different type (unarmed collective violence such as throwing rocks); however, one benefit of the parallel events that they describe is that they “ can protect peaceful protestors by diverting a state ’ s repressive forces away from…”
BackgroundEducation and Revolutions: Why do Revolutionary Uprisings Take Violent or Nonviolent Forms?
Ustyuzhanin, V., & Korotayev, A. (2023) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/10693971231162231 · Cited by 12
When the levee breaks: A forecasting model of violent and nonviolent dissent
Pinckney, J., & RezaeeDaryakenari, B. (2022) · International Interactions · doi:10.1080/03050629.2022.2090933 · Cited by 11
“…to highlight that some of these conflicts do not involve the degree of organization implied by the term “campaigns of nonviolent action,” and also to clarify that the conflicts we are discussing often involve significant incidents of violence (Kadivar and Ketchley 2018; RezaeeDaryakenari 2021).”
BackgroundTICKED OFF, BUT SCARED OFF? RIOTS AND THE FATE OF NONVIOLENT CAMPAIGNS*
Abbs, L., & Gleditsch, K. (2021) · Mobilization · doi:10.17813/1086-671x-26-1-21 · Cited by 11
“Riots that arise in response to state repression may be perceived as justified, and repression could backfire in growing nonviolent mobilization rather than deterring participation (Ketchley 2017; Kadivar and Ketchley 2018: 3-4).”
BackgroundMoving people from the balcony to the trenches: Time to adopt “climatage” in climate activism?
Delina, L. L. (2022) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2022.102586 · Cited by 11
The Fifth Generation of Revolution Studies. Part I: When, Why, and How Did It Emerge
Korotayev, A., Grinin, L. E., Ustyuzhanin, V., & Fain, E. D. (2024) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/08969205241300596 · Cited by 20
Institutional effects of nonviolent and violent revolutions
Ammons, J. D. (2024) · World Development Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100599 · Cited by 9
Is the Fifth Generation of Revolution Studies Still Coming?
Grinin, L., & Korotayev, A. (2024) · Critica Sociologica · doi:10.1177/08969205241245215 · Cited by 9
“…databases of revolutionary events (the reviewed book of Beissinger offers a salient example; see also Albrecht and Koehler, 2020; Chenoweth and Stephan, 2011; Clarke, 2023; Gleditsch et al., 2023; Goldstone et al., 2023; Grinin et al., 2022a; Kadivar and Ketchley, 2018; Stradiotto and Guo, 2010).”
The Evolving Study of Revolution
Beissinger, M. (2025) · World Politics · doi:10.1353/wp.2025.a954445 · Cited by 8
Vahabli, D. (2024) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/00207152241269783 · Cited by 10
“Many instances of peaceful protests turned into “unarmed collective violence” (Kadivar and Ketchley, 2018) where protestors rely on simple and handmade weap-ons such as stones, sticks, and Molotov cocktails as a response to harsh government crackdown.”
Anti-austerity riots in late developing states: Evidence from the 1977 Egyptian Bread Intifada
Ketchley, N., Eibl, F., & Gunning, J. (2023) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433231168188 · Cited by 8
“Most of these events involved some degree of ‘unarmed violence’ (Kadivar & Ketchley, 2018).”
Self-citationUstyuzhanin, V., & Korotayev, A. (2023) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-bja10073 · Cited by 8
Medel, R. M., Asún, R. A., & Zúñiga, C. (2022) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13203 · Cited by 8
Demographic Factors as Predictors of Revolutionary Situations: Experience in Quantitative Analysis
Ustyuzhanin, V., Zhodzishskaya, P., & Korotayev, A. (2022) · Sociological Journal · doi:10.19181/socjour.2022.28.4.9314 · Cited by 7
How Civil Resistance Improves Inclusive Democracy
Bogati, S., Firawati, T., Pinckney, J., & Thurber, C. (2024) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592724000999 · Cited by 6
Within and Beyond the Fourth Generation
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.003
Revolution as Mass-Based Regime Change
Clarke, K. (2025) · Annual review of political science (Palo Alto, Calif. Print) · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-040623-114124 · Cited by 5
On Andreas Malm’s How to Blow Up a Pipeline
Martin, B., Christoyannopoulos, A., Svensson, I., Cunningham, K. G., Anisin, A., Durance, A., & Cervera-Marzal, M. (2024) · Journal of Pacifism and Nonviolence · doi:10.1163/27727882-bja00030 · Cited by 5
Das Ende des „Arabischen Frühlings“ der Bewegungsforschung
Grimm, J. (2018) · Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen · doi:10.1515/fjsb-2018-0068 · Cited by 5
Moral Shocks, Backlash Protest, and Critical Junctures
Grimm, J. J., & Ahmed, M. (2025) · Contention · doi:10.3167/cont.2025.130101 · Cited by 4
Korotayev, A., Fain, E., Ustyuzhanin, V., & Grinin, L. (2024) · Critica Sociologica · doi:10.1177/08969205241300597 · Cited by 4
Lived citizenship and the Arab Uprisings: everyday politics, mobilization and belonging
Sobhy, H., & Abdalla, N. (2024) · Citizenship Studies · doi:10.1080/13621025.2024.2435114 · Cited by 4
“In addition to protest participation, residents of informal neighborhoods in the Egyptian Uprising engaged in forms of ‘unarmed collective violence’, including clashes with the police and the burning down of police stations (Kadivar and Ketchley 2018).”
Mapping the landscape between pacifism and anarchism: Accusations, rejoinders, and mutual resonances
Christoyannopoulos, A. (2024) · British Journal of Politics & International Relations · doi:10.1177/13691481241257806 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, and as already mentioned, many pacifist and nonviolent activists advocate their methods on ‘pragmatic’ rather than ‘principled’ grounds – not because they are deontologically superior, but because they are more effective (Ackerman and DuVall, 2000; Lakey, 2001, 2012; Mantena, 2012; Schock, 2003).”
InfluentialViolence, what is it good for? Waves of riotous-violent protest and democracy
Onursal, D., Hobbs, A., & Wells, C. (2024) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2024.2302544 · Cited by 4
Grimm, J. J. (2022) · Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen · doi:10.1515/fjsb-2022-0029 · Cited by 4
Reinforcing Criticisms of Civil Resistance: A Response to Onken, Shemia-Goeke, and Martin
Anisin, A. (2021) · Critica Sociologica · doi:10.1177/08969205211028279 · Cited by 4
“…Unarmed Violence” explains what these different strategical actions encompass, and importantly, the study’s appendix features a case-by-case description of both unarmed and reactive unarmed forms of violence that arose in campaigns as well as numerous sources drawn from Kadivar and Ketchley (2018).”
BackgroundWhy Do Revolutions Tend to Become Less Violent?
Korotayev, A., Zhdanov, A., Zinkina, J., & Ustyuzhanin, V. (2025) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-bja10154 · Cited by 3
Elections, Type of Regime and Risks of Revolutionary Destabilization
Korotayev, A., Zhdanov, A., & Кривенко, Г. И. (2024) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-bja10097 · Cited by 7
Grimm, J., Salehi, M., & Franzki, H. (2023) · Forschungsjournal Soziale Bewegungen · doi:10.1515/fjsb-2023-0019 · Cited by 3
Tripathi, G., Singh, K., & Vishwakarma, D. (2021) · Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE · doi:10.3934/mbe.2021431 · Cited by 3
Economic development and revolutions. A cross-national investigation
Ustyuzhanin, V., Fain, E., & Korotayev, A. (2026) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/07388942261442041 · Cited by 2
Are Youth Bulges Necessary for Regime Transition?
Anisin, A. (2025) · Progress in Development Studies · doi:10.1177/14649934251328758 · Cited by 2
Djuve, V. L., & Knutsen, C. H. (2025) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/00220027251318938 · Cited by 2
“More violent forms of mobilization may also engender regime change of different kinds (Aidt and Leon 2015; Kadivar and Ketchley 2018).”
Asadzade, P. (2024) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433241267800 · Cited by 2
“…2013; Carter and Carter, 2020; Nikolayenko, 2023; Rosenfeld, 2017), and in particular, the Middle East and North Africa (Barrie, 2023; Barrie and Ketchley, 2018; Beissinger et al., 2015; Kadivar and Ketchley, 2018; Ketchley and El-Rayyes, 2021; Ketchley et al., 2023; Kilavuz et al., 2023).”
The Evolving Study of Revolution
Beissinger, M. (2024) · World Politics · doi:10.1353/wp.0.a920225 · Cited by 2
Chew, M. (2023) · Social Movement Studies · doi:10.1080/14742837.2023.2171384 · Cited by 2
“Some new studies develop sympathetic or modest revisions of the nonviolence perspective (Kadivar & Ketchley, 2018; Manekin & Mitts, 2022).”
What level of resistance to air pollution is justified? On violence and self-defense
Mohorčich, J. (2022) · Environment and Planning C Politics and Space · doi:10.1177/23996544221143904 · Cited by 2
“There is suggestive work—including by Kadivar and Ketchley (2018) and Ansin (2020), both discussed above—that certain forms of unarmed violence can be as effective or more effective than purely nonviolent means and markedly more effective than armed violence.”
BackgroundInfluentialPilati, K., Acconcia, G., Suber, D. L., & Chennaoui, H. (2021) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00323217211034050 · Cited by 2
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.006
Hsiao, Y., & Lui, L. (2025) · Communication and the Public · doi:10.1177/20570473251327236 · Cited by 1
“Unarmed collective violence by civilians such as rioting, clashes with security forces, and the destruction of property are common episodes (Kadivar & Ketchley, 2018).”
Speeding Up Success: Analyzing Factors Influencing the Duration of Nonviolent Movements
Kalin, I., Lounsbery, M. O., Sezgin, F., Rakshit, D., & Pearson, F. S. (2025) · Peace & Change · doi:10.1111/pech.12744 · Cited by 1
“In response, subsequent research has shifted towards categorizing resistance actions as either armed or unarmed [22, 23].”
Croissant, A., Kuehn, D., & Eschenauer-Engler, T. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198916673.001.0001 · Cited by 14
Maher, T. V., Seguin, C., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soae073 · Cited by 1
“Contemporary work finds that disruptive nonviolence is persuasive for state actors (such as Congress) when they mobilize large groups of people and use diverse, attention-grabbing tactics (Chenoweth and Stephan 2011; Kadivar 2018) or when they can amplify positive public opinion (Agnone 2007).”
Burnings, Beatings, and Bombings: Disaggregating Anti-Christian Violence in Egypt, 2013–2018
Barrie, C., Clarke, K., & Ketchley, N. (2022) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592722002730 · Cited by 1
“Indeed, Kadivar and Ketchley (2018) point out that armed and unarmed attacks are generally undertaken by markedly di ff erent types of actors.”
BackgroundSelf-citationReeves, A., & Sochas, L. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115459 · Cited by 1
“This led to some violence in response but even this was mostly unarmed, leading some to argue it was not an armed violent transition (Kadivar and Ketchley, 2018).”
BackgroundDid India’s demonetization policy curb stone-pelting in Indian-administered Kashmir
Fair, C., Ghotane, D., & Patel, P. (2021) · Small Wars & Insurgencies · doi:10.1080/09592318.2021.1915678 · Cited by 1
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.009
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.007
Revolutions in the Contemporary World
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.008
Trajectories of Violence against Ethnoreligious Minorities
Doten-Snitker, K. (2024) · Journal of Historical Political Economy · doi:10.1561/115.00000074 · Cited by 1
“The first sees violence as part of political mobilization (Enos, Kaufman, and Sands 2019; Kadivar and Ketchley 2018; Tilly 1978).”
BackgroundRegimes of violence/nonviolence: regulating the meaning-making of violence and nonviolence
Santos, D. (2026) · British Journal of Politics & International Relations · doi:10.1177/13691481261500950
Why Solidarity, With Whom, by Whom? Mapping Debates in the Sociology of Solidarity
Amasha, M. (2026) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.70256
Almasri, N. (2026) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592726105015
Viti, J., & Christoyannopoulos, A. (2026) · Journal of Pacifism and Nonviolence · doi:10.1163/27727882-bja00068
Mobilization For and Against Democracy
Kadivar, M. (2026) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5896162
Self-citationParticipation yielding stigmatization? Demobilized rebels' protest involvement and public opinion
Sponsel, C. D. (2026) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1093/jopres/xjag049
Turning a blind eye? Understanding citizens’ tolerance for protester violence
Kang, S., & Yuen, S. (2026) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/07388942261454708
(Dis)entangling (non)violence in resistance: four areas of contestation
Christoyannopoulos, A., & Santos, D. (2026) · Journal of Political Power · doi:10.1080/2158379x.2026.2652271
Karle, C., Barría, F. S., & Canales, R. A. O. (2026) · Sociological Quarterly · doi:10.1080/00380253.2026.2643335
“Indeed, certain authors directly contrast institutionalization with radicalization (Kadivar and Ketchley 2018; Kriesi 1996).”
Finlay, C. J. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191896521.001.0001
Reassessing the (Still) Angry (but Savvy) Strategic Crowd
Gallo-Cruz, S. R. (2024) · Contention · doi:10.3167/cont.2024.120107
Weaponizing Democratization: Street Battles and Transformation in Post-Revolutionary Egypt
Hynek, S. (2023) · Middle East Critique · doi:10.1080/19436149.2023.2234131
Elections, Regime Type and Risks of Revolutionary Destabilization: Quantitative Experience
Zhdanov, A. I., & Korotayev, A. (2023) · Sociology of power · doi:10.22394/2074-0492-2022-4-102-127
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.011
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.001
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.005
Lawson, G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.002 · Cited by 1
(2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108697385.010
Metadata
- Authors
- Kadivar, M. A., & Ketchley, N.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kadivar, Mohammad Ali
- Venue
- Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-01-01
- Volume
- 4
- ISSN
- 2378-0231 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2614996688
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 11.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- Funders
- Brown University
- London School of Economics and Political Science
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Theory and Democracy
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Arab Spring and North African Politics
- Keywords
- democratization, riots, political liberalization, nonviolent resistance, nonviolent campaigns, democratic transition, Egyptian revolution, contentious politics, mass mobilization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
