ILROG emergency guidelines for radiation therapy of hematological malignancies during the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
The International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group (ILROG) guidelines for using radiation therapy (RT) in hematological malignancies are widely used in many countries. The emergency situation created by the COVID-19 pandemic may result in limitations of treatment resources. Furthermore, in recognition of the need to also reduce the exposure of patients and staff to potential infection with COVID-19, the ILROG task force has made recommendations for alternative radiation treatment schemes. The emphasis is on maintaining clinical efficacy and safety by increasing the dose per fraction while reducing the number of daily treatments. The guidance is informed by adhering to acceptable radiobiological parameters and clinical tolerability. The options for delaying or omitting RT in some hematological categories are also discussed.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 4 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Study design and conductreasoning
The suggested altered dose and fractionation schedules were generated using radiobiological considerations and clinical experience.
“Radiobiological considerations and clinical experiences were used by the ILROG task force to generate the suggested altered dose and fractionation schedules described in Table 1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19 infection is higher in people aged 60 years or older and/or with serious underlying health conditions.
“When the risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19 infection (for those aged ≥60 years and/or with serious underlying health conditions) outweighs the benefit of RT, omitting RT is to be considered in the following situations14, 15:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) . B-cell lymphomas.2020. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx. Accessed 2 January 2020.
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15] National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) . Primary cutaneous lymphoma.2020. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx. Accessed 2 January 2020.
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Laboratory data indicate little to no shoulder on the linear-quadratic model of cell survival for hematologic malignancies, corresponding to a large alpha/beta value.
“However, laboratory data suggest little to no shoulder on the linear-quadratic model of cell survival, leading to a large value of α/β.17”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Aldridge, 1998, Explaining differences in sensitivity to killing by ionizing radiation between human lymphoid cell lines, Cancer Res
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The risks of acute and late toxicity to normal tissues from a large dose per fraction and higher equivalent dose for alpha/beta = 3 Gy are currently reduced by modern conformal radiation therapy techniques.
“The risks of acute and late toxicity to normal tissues associated with large dose per faction and higher EQD2 for α/β = 3 Gy are currently mitigated by the use of modern conformal RT techniques.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Modern technology provides steep dose gradients around the target tumor, leaving most surrounding normal tissues in the low-dose volume.
- Interpretationreasoning
The risks of hypofractionation are also reduced by the low radiation therapy doses used for hematological malignancies, especially indolent types.
“The risks are also mitigated by the low RT doses used in hematological malignancies, particularly the indolent types.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Interpretationreasoning
The biological effect of radiation on lymphoma cells, measured as equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions, is expected to lie between the equivalent dose calculated with alpha/beta = 10 Gy and the total dose.
“We therefore expect the biological effect of radiation on lymphoma cells, measured as equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions (EQD2)18 to lie between EQD2 using α/β = 10 Gy and EQD2 = total dose.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Bentzen, 2012, Bioeffect modeling and equieffective dose concepts in radiation oncology–terminology, quantities and units, Radiother Oncol source
Not checked in the free run.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2
- May combine two claims. 1
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe accuracy of the alpha/beta model prediction may be lower for larger fraction sizes.
“The accuracy of the prediction of the α/β model may be less for the larger fraction sizes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningTo reduce clinical risk, the authors selected dose-per-fractionation regimens that many clinicians already know and consider well tolerated.
“Therefore, to mitigate clinical risk, we have used dose-per-fractionation regimens that many in the clinical community are already familiar with and know are well tolerated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe proposed hypofractionated schedules reduce the total dose only slightly, with the aim of preserving the same level of tumor control.
“The suggested hypofractionated schemes have little reduction of the total dose aiming to maintain the same level of tumor control.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The COVID-19 pandemic may cause limitations in treatment resources.
“The emergency situation created by the COVID-19 pandemic may result in limitations of treatment resources.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Resource limitations may reduce radiation therapy treatment capacity.
“Yet, limitations in resources, including space, equipment, and staff, may result in reduction of treatment capacity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Radiation therapy can serve as a bridging measure that produces rapid and effective tumor control and delays the need for systemic therapy.
“There are also clinical situations in which RT can be used as a bridging measure, resulting in rapid and effective tumor control, delaying the need to initiate systemic therapy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Giving additional chemotherapy to avoid radiation therapy may cause prolonged immunosuppression, which may be disadvantageous during a pandemic.
“However, if more chemotherapy needs to be given in order to omit RT, this may induce prolonged immunosuppression, which may, in many clinical situations, not be the best decision during a pandemic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hypofractionation always influences the effective dose for late effects.
“Hypofractionation will always influence the effective dose for late effects, so risks need to be carefully weighed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The fractionation sensitivity of hematologic malignancies is underreported in clinical series.
“The fractionation sensitivity of hematologic malignancies is underreported in clinical series.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Modern technology provides steep dose gradients around the target tumor, leaving most surrounding normal tissues in the low-dose volume.
“Modern technology offers steep dose gradients around the target tumor with most of the surrounding normal tissues in the low-dose volume.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hypofractionation has not been rigorously tested in prospective randomized trials for curative treatment of hematologic malignancies.
“Hypofractionation has, however, not been rigorously tested in prospective randomized trials in the curative treatment of hematologic malignancies, and, therefore, the treatment schedules proposed are recommended to apply only to the emergency situation of the COVID-19 pandemic.”
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Self-citationCOVID-19 impact in radiotherapy practice in an oncology hub: a screenshot from Lombardy, Italy
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COVID-19 Pandemic-Adapted Radiotherapy Guidelines: Are They Really Followed?
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Radiation oncology during COVID‐19: Strategies to avoid compromised care
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Self-citationTotal skin electron beam therapy
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Self-citationTrends in Use of and Medicare Spending on Short-Course Radiotherapy for Lymphomas From 2015 to 2019
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Hypofractionated Radiotherapy for Hematologic Malignancies during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond
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Radiation Therapy Dose Response in Bulky Relapsed/Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma
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Surveying the Adaptations during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Turkish Radiotherapy Practice
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Practical Issues in Lymphoma Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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- Authors
- Yahalom, J., Dabaja, B. S., Ricardi, U., Ng, A., Mikhaeel, N. G., Vogelius, I. R., Illidge, T., Qi, S., Wirth, A., & Specht, L.
- Affiliations
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- National Health Service (GB)
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Yahalom, Joachim
- ORCID
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2020-05-21
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 1829-1832
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- PMC
- PMC7243146
- OpenAlex
- W3015535093
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 40
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR200257)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › COVID-19 and healthcare impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advances in Oncology and Radiotherapy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- radiotherapy, hematologic malignancies, hypofractionated radiotherapy, dose per fraction, infection risk reduction, treatment delay, lymphoma, radiotherapy safety
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Lymphoma, Pneumonia, Viral, Radiotherapy Dosage, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Coronavirus Infections, Hematologic Neoplasms, Pandemics
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