Evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF assay performance in diagnosing extrapulmonary tuberculosis among adults in a tertiary care centre in India
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To the Editor: According to the World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report from 2013, there were 8.6 million incident tuberculosis (TB) cases globally and India alone contributed 26% to this global scenario [1]. Of the five countries with the largest number of TB incident cases in 2012, India tops the list [1]. Epidemiological data suggest that extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) constitutes about 15–20% of all TB cases, but among HIV-TB co-infection it accounts for 50% of the cases [2]. Out of 1 183 373 new TB cases notified globally, 234 029 (20%) were reported to be cases of EPTB [1]. Difficulty in sampling from the extrapulmonary sites and the paucibacillary nature of the specimens make EPTB a diagnostic challenge. Dependency on smear microscopy in these samples may lead to higher false negative rates due to the low sensitivity of this technique. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture is quite a protracted technique, requiring well-trained laboratory personnel, and delay in diagnosis can cause more harm as the treatment is often started empirically. Rapid nucleic acid amplification tests are emerging extensively to provide better yield for rapid diagnosis of TB. The Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is an automated, hemi-nested real-time PCR for detecting MTB complex and rifampin (RIF) resistance, which was initially evaluated for pulmonary specimens in large studies [3–5]. The present communication reports the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF in EPTB samples, with a large sample size from a single centre in a country with a high TB burden. All EPTB samples from indoor as well as outdoor facilities of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) hospital, New Delhi, India, were received in the Tuberculosis Laboratory (accredited Intermediate Reference Laboratory …
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In urine, Xpert MTB/RIF sensitivity against a composite reference standard in Sharma 2014 was 33% (1 to 91).
“In urine, Xpert MTB/RIF sensitivity and specificity against a composite reference standard were 33% (1 to 91) and 100% (92 to 100) (Sharma 2014), and 41% (33 to 50 ) and 100% (99 to 100) (Chen 2019) (2 studies; 463 participants); Figure 15.”
From Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults (2021) · cites this paper as Sharma 2014
Table 1 (page not available in our copy) reports 33% urine sensitivity against the composite reference standard when two parameters are positive, but gives a 95% confidence interval of 6.1–79.2%, not 1–91%. Under the one-parameter CRS definition, it reports 9% sensitivity. The point estimate is supported, but the cited interval and unspecified CRS definition are not. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn urine, Xpert MTB/RIF specificity against a composite reference standard in Sharma 2014 was 100% (92 to 100).
“In urine, Xpert MTB/RIF sensitivity and specificity against a composite reference standard were 33% (1 to 91) and 100% (92 to 100) (Sharma 2014), and 41% (33 to 50 ) and 100% (99 to 100) (Chen 2019) (2 studies; 463 participants); Figure 15.”
From Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults (2021) · cites this paper as Sharma 2014
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- Authors
- Sharma, S. K., Kohli, M., Chaubey, J., Yadav, R. N., Sharma, R., Singh, B. K., Sreenivas, V., Sharma, A., Bhatia, R., Jain, D., Seenu, V., Dhar, A., & Soneja, M.
- Affiliations
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Respiratory Journal
- Publisher
- European Respiratory Society (ERS)
- Published
- 2014-07-25
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1090-1093
- ISSN
- 0903-1936 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-3003
- OpenAlex
- W2046146238
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Respiratory Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
- All-India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Keywords
- Xpert MTB/RIF, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection, rifampicin resistance, nucleic acid amplification tests, diagnostic accuracy, rapid molecular diagnostics, India
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antibiotics, Antitubercular, Humans, India, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rifampin, Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Tertiary Care Centers
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