Unsteadiness of breathing in patients with hyperventilation syndrome and anxiety disorders
Abstract
The breathing pattern of 399 patients with hyperventilation syndrome (HVS) and/or with anxiety disorders and that of 347 normal controls was investigated during a 5 min period of quiet breathing and after a 3 min period of voluntary hyperventilation. The diagnosis of HVS was based on the presence of several suggestive complaints occurring in the context of stress, and reproduced by voluntary hyperventilation. Organic diseases as a cause of the symptoms were excluded. The anxiety disorders were diagnosed by means of an abbreviated version of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS). There was a large overlap between the two diagnoses. Simply breathing via a mouthpiece and pneumotachograph made end-tidal CO2 fractional concentration (FET,CO2) decrease progressively both in hyperventilators and in patients with anxiety disorders, but not in normals. At the start of the measurement the FET,CO2 was not different between patients and healthy subjects. In patients or = 29 years from an increase in frequency. After voluntary hyperventilation, the recovery of FET,CO2, was delayed in patients, due to a slower normalization of respiratory frequency in females and in older males, and of tidal volume in younger males, and also due to less frequent end-expiratory pauses. When breathing was recorded first by means of inductive plethysmography (Respitrace), the progressive decline of FET,CO2 seen in patients was not observed: from the onset of the recording, FET,CO2 was reduced in pat…
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Breathlessness may manifest as hyperventilation, or symptoms that occur independently of hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis such as deep sighing or the sensation of air hunger.
“Breathlessness may manifest as hyperventilation, or symptoms that occur independently of hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis such as deep sighing or the sensation of air hunger [2, 8, 9].”
From Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Periodic deep sighing is linked to asthma and panic disorder.
“| Periodic deep sighing | 12 | [8, 9, 45–47] | Asthma Panic disorder |”
From Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Sighing is more frequent (up to 15 times in a 15 min period) and associated with dyspnoea in those with dysfunctional breathing.
“Sighing occurs in healthy individuals and asthmatics, but is more frequent (up to 15 times in a 15 min period) and associated with dyspnoea in those with dysfunctional breathing [8, 45, 46, 61].”
From Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Sighing occurs in healthy individuals and asthmatics.
“Sighing occurs in healthy individuals and asthmatics, but is more frequent (up to 15 times in a 15 min period) and associated with dyspnoea in those with dysfunctional breathing [8, 45, 46, 61].”
From Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification (2016) · cites this paper as [8]
Cites
Efficacy of Nijmegen questionnaire in recognition of the hyperventilation syndrome
van Dixhoorn, J., & Duivenvoorden, H. J. (1985) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(85)90042-x · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Diagnostic tests of hyperventilation syndrome
Vansteenkiste, J., Rochette, F., & Demedts, M. (1991) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.93.04040393 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification
Boulding, R., Stacey, R., Niven, R., & Fowler, S. J. (2016) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0088-2015 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Thomas, M., McKinley, R. K., Freeman, E., & Foy, C. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7294.1098 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Courtney, R., Greenwood, K. M., & Cohen, M. (2011) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.06.004 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Hyperventilation in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: The role of coping strategies
Bogaerts, K., Hubin, M., Van Diest, I., De Peuter, S., Van Houdenhove, B., Van Wambeke, P., Crombez, G., & Van den Bergh, O. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Han, J., Stegen, K., Simkens, K., Cauberghs, M., Schepers, R., Van den Bergh, O., Clement, J., & Van de Woestijne, K.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Venue
- European Respiratory Journal
- Publisher
- European Respiratory Society (ERS)
- Published
- 1997-01-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 167-176
- ISSN
- 0903-1936 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-3003
- OpenAlex
- W2128379501
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Respiratory Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- hyperventilation syndrome, anxiety disorders, voluntary hyperventilation, end-tidal carbon dioxide, respiratory control, tidal volume, respiratory rate, respiratory inductance plethysmography
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety Disorders, Carbon Dioxide, Female, Humans, Hyperventilation, Male, Middle Aged, Mouth Protectors, Plethysmography, Impedance, Respiration, Respiratory Function Tests, Sex Factors, Stress, Physiological, Syndrome, Tidal Volume, Time Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Case-Control Studies, Capnography
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