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Cited by 96Respiratory and Cough-Related ResearchPsychosomatic Disorders and Their TreatmentsAsthma and respiratory diseases

Relationships between measures of dysfunctional breathing in a population with concerns about their breathing

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Courtney, Rosalba, Greenwood, Kenneth Mark, Cohen, Marc·2011·Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
DOI 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.06.004
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Dysfunctional breathing (DB) is implicated in physical and psychological health, however evaluation is hampered by lack of rigorous definition and clearly defined measures. Screening tools for DB include biochemical measures such as end-tidal CO(2), biomechanical measures such assessments of breathing pattern, breathing symptom questionnaires and tests of breathing function such as breath holding time. AIM: This study investigates whether screening tools for dysfunctional breathing measure distinct or associated aspects of breathing functionality. METHOD: 84 self-referred or practitioner-referred individuals with concerns about their breathing were assessed using screening tools proposed to identify DB. Correlations between these measures were determined. RESULTS: Significant correlations where found within categories of measures however correlations between variables in different categories were generally not significant. No measures were found to correlate with carbon dioxide levels. CONCLUSION: DB cannot be simply defined. For practical purposes DB is probably best characterised as a multi-dimensional construct with at least 3 dimensions, biochemical, biomechanical and breathing related symptoms. Comprehensive evaluation of breathing dysfunction should include measures of breathing symptoms, breathing pattern, resting CO(2) and also include functional measures such a breath holding time and response of breathing to physical and psychological challenges including stress testing with CO(2) monitoring.

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  • Other than MARM and the Nijmegen questionnaire (which correlate weakly), these methods have yet to be shown to correlate with one another.

    “It is important to note that, other than MARM and the Nijmegen questionnaire (which correlate weakly), these methods have yet to been shown to correlate with one another [31].”

    From Dysfunctional breathing: a review of the literature and proposal for classification (2016) · cites this paper as [31]

    Table 4 shows no significant correlation between either MARM measure and the Nijmegen Questionnaire (p = .70 and .90), contrary to the claimed weak correlation. The Results also report strong correlations between the two symptom questionnaires and between the two breath-holding measures, contrary to the claim that the other methods have not been shown to correlate. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Various assessment tools can be used to assess BPD but many do not capture the core components across all types of presentation.

    “Various assessment tools can be used to assess BPD but many do not capture the core components across all types of presentation.”

    From Physiotherapy assessment of breathing pattern disorder: a qualitative evaluation (2023) · cites this paper as [13]

  • Many of the currently available outcome measures assess some, but not all, of the different presentations of BPD.

    “Many of the currently available outcome measures assess some, but not all of the different presentations of BPD. 13”

    From Physiotherapy assessment of breathing pattern disorder: a qualitative evaluation (2023) · cites this paper as [13]

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Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Caldirola, D., 2004. Approximate entropy of respiratory patterns. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (79e87), 79e87.
  2. Dixhoorn, J.J.v, 2008. De Nijmeegse vragenlijst in de evaluatie van adem-en ontspanningstherapie. In: Dixhoorn, J.J.v, Dixhoorn- Verhoeven, I.P.M., Uwland, N. (Eds.), Adem-en ontspannings- therapie aan de tand gevoeld. Centrum AOT, Amersfoort, pp.
  3. Giardino, N.D., Lehrer, P., et al., 2000. The role of oscillations in self- regulation. In: McGuigan, K.a. (Ed.), Stress and Health.
  4. Hardonk, H.J., Beumer, H.M., 1979. Hyperventilation syndrome. In: Vinken, P.J., Bruyn, G.W. (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology: Neurological Manifestations of Systemic Disease. North Holand Biomedical Press, Amsterdam 38, part 1.
  5. Jack, S., Darke, K., et al., 1998. Breath hold time in idiopathic hyperventilators. European Respiratory Journal 12 (28), 412S.
  6. Levitsky, M.G., 1995. Pulmonary Physiology. McGraw Hill, New York.
  7. Butterworth, London, pp. 196e229.
  8. Mithoefer, J., 1965. Breath holding. In: Rahn, H., Fenn, W.O. (Eds.), Handbook of Physiology, Respiration, vol. 2. American Physiological Society, Washington D.C., pp. 1011e1026. Section 3, (Chapter 38).
  9. Perri, M.A., 2007. Rehabilitation of breathing pattern disorders. In: Leibenson, C. (Ed.), Rehabilitation of the Spine: a Practitioners Manual. Lippincot, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 369e387.

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Authors
Courtney, R., Greenwood, K. M., & Cohen, M.
Affiliations
  • RMIT Europe (ES)
  • RMIT University (AU)
Corresponding author
Courtney, Rosalba
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-01
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
24-34
ISSN
1360-8592 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.06.004
OpenAlex
W2103813607
Cited by
96
References
63
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
FWCI
4.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
  • RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
Keywords
dysfunctional breathing, end-tidal carbon dioxide, breath holding time, breathing pattern, stress testing, CO2 monitoring, construct validity
MeSH terms
Carbon Dioxide, Humans, Hyperventilation, Medical History Taking, Physical Examination, Surveys and Questionnaires, Respiration Disorders, Respiratory Function Tests

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