The DOI matches its Crossref record; 123 of the 123 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
In 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that one-third of the world's population had latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), which was recently updated to one-fourth. However, this is still based on controversial assumptions in combination with tuberculin skin test (TST) surveys. Interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) with a higher specificity than TST have since been widely implemented, but never used to estimate the global LTBI prevalence. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of LTBI estimates based on both IGRA and TST results published between 2005 and 2018. Regional and global estimates of LTBI prevalence were calculated. Stratification was performed for low, intermediate and high TB incidence countries and a pooled estimate for each area was calculated using a random effects model. Among 3280 studies screened, we included 88 studies from 36 countries with 41 IGRA (n=67 167) and 67 TST estimates (n=284 644). The global prevalence of LTBI was 24.8% (95% CI 19.7–30.0%) and 21.2% (95% CI 17.9–24.4%), based on IGRA and a 10-mm TST cut-off, respectively. The prevalence estimates correlated well to WHO incidence rates (Rs=0.70, p<0.001). In the first study of the global prevalence of LTBI derived from both IGRA and TST surveys, we found that one-fourth of the world's population is infected. This is of relevance, as both tests, although imperfect, are used to identify individuals eligible for preventive therapy. Enhanced efforts are needed targeting the large pool of latently infected individuals, as this constitutes an enormous source of potential active tuberculosis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552
The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savovic, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., Sterne, J. A. C., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928 · Cited by 33,817
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164
Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.ad · Cited by 10,766
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 · Cited by 10,578
Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Hill, N. R., Fatoba, S., Oke, J. L., Hirst, J. A., O’Callaghan, C. A., Lasserson, D. S., & Hobbs, R. F. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158765 · Cited by 4,320
Dye, C., Scheele, S., >Dolin, P., Pathania, V. S., Raviglione, M. C., & for the WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.7.677 · Cited by 2,955
The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Re-estimation Using Mathematical Modelling
Houben, R. M. G. J., & Dodd, P. J. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002152 · Cited by 2,054
The Immune Response in Tuberculosis
O’Garra, A., Redford, P. S., McNab, F. W., Bloom, C. I., Wilkinson, R. J., & Berry, M. P. R. (2013) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095939 · Cited by 1,400
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Styblo, 1985, The relationship between the risk of tuberculous infection and the risk of developing infectious tuberculosis, Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis, 60, 117
- Murthy, 2013, PLoS One, 8, e71470
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Rahlwes, K. C., Dias, B., Campos, P. C., Álvarez-Arguedas, S., & Shiloh, M. U. (2022) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449 · Cited by 242
The definition of tuberculosis infection based on the spectrum of tuberculosis disease
Migliori, G. B., Ong, C. W. M., Petrone, L., D'Ambrosio, L., Centis, R., & Goletti, D. (2021) · Breathe · doi:10.1183/20734735.0079-2021 · Cited by 166
Shah, M., & Dorman, S. E. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp2108501 · Cited by 145
Ogongo, P., Tezera, L. B., Ardain, A., Nhamoyebonde, S., Ramsuran, D., Singh, A., Ngoepe, A., Karim, F., Naidoo, T., Khan, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci142014 · Cited by 120
Zellweger, J. P., Sotgiu, G., Corradi, M., & Durando, P. (2020) · La Medicina del Lavoro · doi:10.23749/mdl.v111i3.9983 · Cited by 122
Metadata
- Authors
- Cohen, A., Mathiasen, V. D., Schön, T., & Wejse, C.
- Affiliations
- St Olav's University Hospital (NO)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Bandim Health Project (GW)
- Venue
- European Respiratory Journal
- Publisher
- European Respiratory Society (ERS)
- Published
- 2019-06-20
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1900655
- ISSN
- 0903-1936 (ISSN-L)
- 1399-3003
- OpenAlex
- W2950875755
- Cited by
- 547
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Respiratory Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk (NNF15OC0018034)
- Hjärt-Lungfonden (20150236)
- Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd (201602043)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology
- Keywords
- latent tuberculosis infection, global prevalence, interferon-gamma release assay, tuberculin skin test, tuberculosis prophylaxis
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Tuberculin Test, Global Health, World Health Organization, Incidence, Prevalence, Latent Tuberculosis, Interferon-gamma Release Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
