Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.
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Poor reporting of research hampers assessment and makes it less useful. An international group of methodologists, researchers, and journal editors sets out guidelines to improve reports of observational studies
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The research was developed and conducted following the international reporting guidelines STROBE, CHERRIES and CROSS, ensuring methodological rigor.
“The research was developed and conducted following the international reporting guidelines (STROBE, CHERRIES and CROSS) [52–54], ensuring methodological rigor.”
From Knowledge and use, Perceptions of Benefits and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots among Italian Physiotherapy students: a cross-sectional National Study (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
The Aims and use of STROBE statement section confirms that STROBE provides guidelines for reporting observational studies. It explicitly says the recommendations are not prescriptions for designing or conducting studies and are not a tool for evaluating research quality. This source therefore does not support the claim that following STROBE ensured methodological rigor; the cited passages also do not address CHERRIES or CROSS. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for cross-sectional studies.
“This study adhered to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for cross-sectional studies, and the completed checklist is included in Additional File 4 [52].”
The quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted in accordance with CHERRIES, STROBE, and CROSS reporting guidelines.
“A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted in accordance with (a) the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES) [52] (b) the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) [53] and (c) the Consensus-Based Checklist for Reporting of Survey Studies (CROSS) [54] guidelines.”
The evidence based approach used for CONSORT served as a model for development of other reporting guidelines, such as for systematic reviews, diagnostic studies, and observational studies.
“The evidence based approach we have used for CONSORT also served as a model for development of other reporting guidelines, such as for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies evaluating interventions [16], diagnostic studies [17], and observational studies [18].”
From CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
TRIPOD excludes impact studies that measure how using a model affects behavior, health outcomes, or cost-effectiveness.
“Furthermore, TRIPOD is also not intended for impact studies that quantify the impact of using a prediction model on participant or doctors' behavior and management, participant health outcomes, or cost-effectiveness of care, compared with not using the model (13,38).”
From Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): The TRIPOD Statement (2015) · cites this paper as [38]
The evidence based approach used for CONSORT served as a model for development of other reporting guidelines (systematic reviews/meta-analyses, diagnostic studies, observational studies).
“The evidence based approach we have used for CON-SORT also served as a model for development of other reporting guidelines, such as for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies evaluating interventions [16], diagnostic studies [17], and observational studies [18].”
From CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
While making revisions, conscious efforts were made to harmonize recommendations with other reporting guidelines, and where possible the same or similar wording for items was chosen.
“While making revisions, conscious efforts were made to harmonize our recommendations with other reporting guidelines, and where possible we chose the same or similar wording for items [37,39,41,45,46].”
From Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD Statement (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
Findings were reported according to STROBE guidelines.
“We reported our findings according to STROBE guidelines.28”
From Factors associated with recurrent emergency department visits among people living with dementia: A retrospective cohort study (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In accordance with STROBE guidelines, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for each model by removing 10% of cases at random and checking for a statistically significant change in the results.
“In accordance with STROBE guidelines, a sensitivity analysis [26] was conducted for each model by removing 10% of cases at random and checking for a statistically significant change in the results.”
The STROBE guidelines for observational research were developed for the three main study designs in epidemiology: cohort, case-control, and cross sectional studies.
“The STROBE (strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology) guidelines for observational research25 26 were developed for the three main study designs in epidemiology (cohort, case-control, and cross sectional studies).”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
None of the existing reporting guidelines for observational, tumor marker, diagnostic accuracy, and genetic risk prediction studies are entirely appropriate for prediction model studies.
“However, none of these guidelines are entirely appropriate for prediction model studies.”
From Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): The TRIPOD Statement (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
The article was prepared following the STROBE statement.
“We have followed the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement in preparing the article [26].”
From Initial Outcomes of Transdiagnostic Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Tailored to Public Safety Personnel: Longitudinal Observational Study (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
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“[1] Nor were the guidelines developed as an instrument for quality evaluation of observational research.[2] Furthermore, the guidelines were not aimed to bring forward standardization of manuscripts but rather to encourage the production of interesting and narrative articles while maintaining transparency.”
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“In accordance with STROBE guidelines, a sensitivity analysis [26] was conducted for each model by removing 10% of cases at random and checking for a statistically significant change in the results.”
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- Authors
- Elm, E. V., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Bern (CH)
- University of London (GB)
- Cochrane (DK)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2007-10-18
- Volume
- 335
- Issue
- 7624
- Pages
- 806-808
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2034723
- OpenAlex
- W3022423927
- Cited by
- 10,766
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2056 · 2025: 1910 · 2024: 1655 · 2023: 1056 · 2022: 864 · 2021: 819 · 2020: 528 · 2019: 416 · 2018: 326 · 2017: 244 · 2016: 214 · 2015: 178 · 2014: 126 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 86
- FWCI
- 49.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Keywords
- STROBE statement, reporting guidelines, observational studies, reporting quality, case-control study, cohort studies, systematic reviews
- MeSH terms
- Epidemiologic Methods, Causality, Observation, Consensus, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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