The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Re-estimation Using Mathematical Modelling
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The existing estimate of the global burden of latent TB infection (LTBI) as "one-third" of the world population is nearly 20 y old. Given the importance of controlling LTBI as part of the End TB Strategy for eliminating TB by 2050, changes in demography and scientific understanding, and progress in TB control, it is important to re-assess the global burden of LTBI. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We constructed trends in annual risk in infection (ARI) for countries between 1934 and 2014 using a combination of direct estimates of ARI from LTBI surveys (131 surveys from 1950 to 2011) and indirect estimates of ARI calculated from World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates of smear positive TB prevalence from 1990 to 2014. Gaussian process regression was used to generate ARIs for country-years without data and to represent uncertainty. Estimated ARI time-series were applied to the demography in each country to calculate the number and proportions of individuals infected, recently infected (infected within 2 y), and recently infected with isoniazid (INH)-resistant strains. Resulting estimates were aggregated by WHO region. We estimated the contribution of existing infections to TB incidence in 2035 and 2050. In 2014, the global burden of LTBI was 23.0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 20.4%-26.4%), amounting to approximately 1.7 billion people. WHO South-East Asia, Western-Pacific, and Africa regions had the highest prevalence and accounted for around 80% of those with LTBI. Prevalence of recent infection was 0.8% (95% UI: 0.7%-0.9%) of the global population, amounting to 55.5 (95% UI: 48.2-63.8) million individuals currently at high risk of TB disease, of which 10.9% (95% UI:10.2%-11.8%) was isoniazid-resistant. Current LTBI alone, assuming no additional infections from 2015 onwards, would be expected to generate TB incidences in the region of 16.5 per 100,000 per year in 2035 and 8.3 per 100,000 per year in 2050. Limitations included the quantity and methodological heterogeneity of direct ARI data, and limited evidence to inform on potential clearance of LTBI. CONCLUSIONS: We estimate that approximately 1.7 billion individuals were latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) globally in 2014, just under a quarter of the global population. Investment in new tools to improve diagnosis and treatment of those with LTBI at risk of progressing to disease is urgently needed to address this latent reservoir if the 2050 target of eliminating TB is to be reached.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
An estimated 1.7 billion people have tuberculosis infections that are latent.
“An estimated 1.7 billion have tuberculosis infections that are “latent.”56”
From Global health 2050: the path to halving premature death by mid-century (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Dye, C., Scheele, S., >Dolin, P., Pathania, V. S., Raviglione, M. C., & for the WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.7.677 · Cited by 2,955 · see citing works
The Growing Burden of Tuberculosis: <b>Global Trends and Interactions With the HIV Epidemic</b>
Corbett, E. L., Watt, C. J., Walker, N., Maher, D., Williams, B. G., Raviglione, M. C., & Dye, C. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.9.1009 · Cited by 2,553 · see citing works
Uplekar, M., Weil, D., Lonnroth, K., Jaramillo, E., Lienhardt, C., Dias, H. M., Falzon, D., Floyd, K., Gargioni, G., Getahun, H., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60570-0 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Trunz, B. B., Fine, P., & Dye, C. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68507-3 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Gamma Interferon Release Assays for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Pai, M., Denkinger, C. M., Kik, S. V., Rangaka, M. X., Zwerling, A. A., Oxlade, O., Metcalfe, J. Z., Cattamanchi, A., Dowdy, D. W., Dheda, K. U. J., et al. (2014) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00034-13 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
A blood RNA signature for tuberculosis disease risk: a prospective cohort study
Zak, D. E., Penn‐Nicholson, A., Scriba, T. J., Thompson, E. G., Suliman, S., Amon, L. M., Mahomed, H., Erasmus, M., Whatney, W. E., Hussey, G. D., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01316-1 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Getahun, H., Matteelli, A., Chaisson, R. E., & Raviglione, M. C. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1405427 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Vynnycky, E., & Fine, P. (1997) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268897007917 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Rangaka, M. X., Wilkinson, K. A., Glynn, J. R., Ling, D. I., Menzies, D., Mwansa-Kambafwile, J. R. M., Fielding, K., Wilkinson, R. J., & Pai, M. (2011) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70210-9 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Burden of childhood tuberculosis in 22 high-burden countries: a mathematical modelling study
Dodd, P. J., Gardiner, E., Coghlan, R., & Seddon, J. A. (2014) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70245-1 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk of Progression to Active Tuberculosis Following Reinfection With Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Andrews, J. R., Noubary, F., Walensky, R. P., Cerda, R., Losina, E., & Horsburgh, C. R. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cir951 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Trends in tuberculosis incidence and their determinants in 134 countries
Dye, C., Lönnroth, K., Jaramillo, E., Williams, B. G., & Raviglione, M. C. (2009) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.08.058453 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Epidemiological benefits of more-effective tuberculosis vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics
Abu-Raddad, L. J., Sabatelli, L., Achterberg, J. T., Sugimoto, J. D., Longini, I. M., Dye, C., & Halloran, M. E. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0901720106 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
The ongoing challenge of latent tuberculosis
Esmail, H., Barry, C. E., Young, D. B., & Wilkinson, R. J. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0437 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Lillebæk, T., Dirksen, A., BAESS, I., Strunge, B., Thomsen, V. Ø., & Andersen, Å. B. (2002) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/338342 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a mathematical modelling study
Dodd, P. J., Sismanidis, C., & Seddon, J. A. (2016) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30132-3 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk of Tuberculosis after Recent Exposure. A 10-Year Follow-up Study of Contacts in Amsterdam
Sloot, R., van der Loeff, M. F. S., Kouw, P. M., & Borgdorff, M. W. (2014) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201406-1159oc · Cited by 205 · see citing works
The development of clinical tuberculosis following infection with tubercle bacilli
Sutherland, I., Svandova, E., & Radhakrishna, S. (1982) · Tubercle · doi:10.1016/s0041-3879(82)80013-5 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Revisiting Rates of Reactivation Tuberculosis: A Population-based Approach
Horsburgh, C. R., O’Donnell, M. R., Chamblee, S., Moreland, J. L., Johnson, J. W., Marsh, B. J., Narita, M., Johnson, L. S., & von Reyn, C. F. (2010) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200909-1355oc · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in the United States
Mancuso, J. D., Diffenderfer, J. M., Ghassemieh, B. J., Horne, D. J. D. L., & Kao, T.-C. (2016) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201508-1683oc · Cited by 99 · see citing works
An ecological analysis of incidence of tuberculosis andper capitagross domestic product: Fig. 1—
Janssens, J.-P., & Rieder, H. L. (2008) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00078708 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
van Leth, F. (2008) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.06.037804 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A controlled trial of isoniazid prophylaxis in mental institutions
Ferebee, S. H., MOUNT, F. W., Murray, F. J., & Livesay, V. T. (1964) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-196401320-00046 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Smear positivity in paediatric and adult tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis
Kunkel, A., Wiesch, P. A. Z., Nathavitharana, R. R., Marx, F. M., Jenkins, H. E., & Cohen, T. (2016) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1617-9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Annual risk of tuberculous infection. 1988.
Cauthen, G. M., Pío, A., & Dam, H. (2002) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.1590/s0042-96862002000600018 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: A mathematical modelling study
(2016) · Indian Journal of Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.ijtb.2016.11.025 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chakaya, J. M., Khan, M. S., Ntoumi, F., Aklillu, E., Fatima, R., Mwaba, P., Kapata, N., Mfinanga, S., Hasnain, S. E., Katoto, P. D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.107 · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
Furin, J. J., Cox, H. S., & Pai, M. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30308-3 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Skin microbiota–host interactions
Chen, Y. E., Fischbach, M. A., & Belkaid, Y. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25177 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Ecology and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gagneux, S. (2018) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2018.8 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Cohen, A., Mathiasen, V. D., Schön, T., & Wejse, C. (2019) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.00655-2019 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Drain, P. K., Bajema, K. L., Dowdy, D. W., Dheda, K. U. J., Naidoo, K., Schumacher, S. G., Ma, S., Meermeier, E. W., Lewinsohn, D. M., & Sherman, D. R. (2018) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00021-18 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Sterling, T. R., Njie, G. J., Zenner, D., Cohn, D. L., Reves, R. R., Ahmed, A. I., Menzies, D., Horsburgh, C. R., Crane, C. M., Burgos, M. V., et al. (2020) · MMWR Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6901a1 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies and drug development: challenges and priorities
Dartois, V. A., & Rubin, E. J. (2022) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00731-y · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Floyd, K., Glaziou, P., Zumla, A. I., & Raviglione, M. C. (2018) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(18)30057-2 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Phase 2b Controlled Trial of M72/AS01 E Vaccine to Prevent Tuberculosis
Meeren, O. V. D., Hatherill, M., Nduba, V., Wilkinson, R. J., Muyoyeta, M., van Brakel, E., Ayles, H., Henostroza, G., Thienemann, F., Scriba, T. J., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1803484 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Revisiting the timetable of tuberculosis
Behr, M. A., Edelstein, P. H., & Ramakrishnan, L. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k2738 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
The X chromosome and sex-specific effects in infectious disease susceptibility
Schurz, H., Salie, M., Tromp, G. C., Hoal, E. G., Kinnear, C. J., & Möller, M. (2019) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-018-0185-z · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
Floyd, K., Raviglione, M. C., & Glaziou, P. (2018) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1651492 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Four Months of Rifampin or Nine Months of Isoniazid for Latent Tuberculosis in Adults
Menzies, D., Adjobimey, M., Ruslami, R., Trajman, A., Bah-Sow, O. Y., Kim, H. J., Baah, J. O., Marks, G. B., Long, R., Hoeppner, V., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1714283 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Building a tuberculosis-free world: The Lancet Commission on tuberculosis
Reid, M. J. A., Arinaminpathy, N., Bloom, A., Bloom, B. R., Boehme, C. C., Chaisson, R. E., Chin, D. P., Churchyard, G., Cox, H. S., Diţiu, L., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30024-8 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
What We Know About Tuberculosis Transmission: An Overview
Churchyard, G., Kim, P. S., Shah, N., Rustomjee, R., Gandhi, N. R., Mathema, B., Dowdy, D. W., Kasmar, A. G., & Cárdenas, V. (2017) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jix362 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
An overview of spirooxindole as a promising scaffold for novel drug discovery
Zhou, L., Qu, R., & Yang, G. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2020.1733526 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Immunological mechanisms of human resistance to persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Simmons, J. D., Stein, C. M., Seshadri, C., Campo, M., Alter, G., Fortune, S. M., Schurr, E., Wallis, R. S., Churchyard, G., Mayanja‐Kizza, H., et al. (2018) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-018-0025-3 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention
Chen, A. Y., Adamek, R. N., Dick, B. L., Credille, C. V., Morrison, C. N., & Cohen, S. M. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00201 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Latent tuberculosis infection: An overview
Kiazyk, S. A. K., & Ball, T. B. (2017) · Canada Communicable Disease Report · doi:10.14745/ccdr.v43i34a01 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis
Suárez, I., Fünger, S. M., Kröger, S., Rademacher, J., Fätkenheuer, G., & Rybniker, J. (2019) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0729 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Global Epidemiology of TuberculosisPreprint
Glaziou, P., Sismanidis, C., Floyd, K., & Raviglione, M. C. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a017798 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Scriba, T. J., Penn‐Nicholson, A., Shankar, S., Hraha, T., Thompson, E. G., Sterling, D., Nemes, E., Darboe, F., Suliman, S., Amon, L. M., et al. (2017) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006687 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis and Progress Toward Achieving Global Targets — 2017
MacNeil, A., Glaziou, P., Sismanidis, C., Maloney, S. A., & Floyd, K. (2019) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6811a3 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
A multi-cohort study of the immune factors associated with M. tuberculosis infection outcomes
Chowdhury, R. R., Vallania, F., Yang, Q., Angel, C. J. L., Darboe, F., Penn‐Nicholson, A., Rozot, V., Nemes, E., Malherbe, S. T., Ronacher, K., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0439-x · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Urogenital tuberculosis — epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features
Muneer, A., Macrae, B., Krishnamoorthy, S., & Zumla, A. I. (2019) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-019-0228-9 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Snow, K. J., Cruz, A. T., Seddon, J. A., Ferrand, R. A., Chiang, S. S., Hughes, J. A., Kampmann, B., Graham, S. M., Dodd, P. J., Houben, R. M. G. J., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30337-2 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationSubbaraman, R., Nathavitharana, R. R., Mayer, K. H., Satyanarayana, S., Chadha, V. K., Arinaminpathy, N., & Pai, M. (2019) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002754 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Rahlwes, K. C., Dias, B., Campos, P. C., Álvarez-Arguedas, S., & Shiloh, M. U. (2022) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Boisson‐Dupuis, S., Ramirez‐Alejo, N., Li, Z., Patin, É., Rao, G., Kerner, G., Lim, C. K., Krementsov, D. N., Hernandez, N., Ma, C. S., et al. (2018) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aau8714 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Koch, A. S., & Mizrahi, V. (2018) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2018.02.012 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Single cell analysis of M. tuberculosis phenotype and macrophage lineages in the infected lung
Pisu, D., Huang, L., Narang, V., Theriault, M. E., Lê-Bury, G., Lee, B. T. K., Lakudzala, A. E., Mzinza, D. T., Mhango, D. V., Mitini-Nkhoma, S. C., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20210615 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Control: An Overview
Alene, K. A., Wangdi, K., & Clements, A. (2020) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed5030123 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The status of tuberculosis vaccine development
Schrager, L. K., Vekemens, J., Drager, N., Lewinsohn, D. M., & Olesen, O. F. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30625-5 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Macrophage: A Cell With Many Faces and Functions in Tuberculosis
Ahmad, F., Rani, A., Alam, A., Zarin, S., Pandey, S., Singh, H., Hasnain, S. E., & Ehtesham, N. Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.747799 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection life long?
Behr, M. A., Edelstein, P. H., & Ramakrishnan, L. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l5770 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Vitamin D Supplements for Prevention of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease
Ganmaa, D., Buyanjargal, U., Zhou, X., Garmaa, G., Delgerekh, B., Enkhmaa, D., Khulan, D., Ariunzaya, S., Erdenebaatar, S., Bolortuya, B., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1915176 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Abubakar, I., Drobniewski, F. A., Southern, J., Sitch, A. J., Jackson, C., Lipman, M. C. I., Deeks, J. J., Griffiths, C., Bothamley, G. H., Lynn, W. A., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30355-4 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Mycobacterial growth inhibition is associated with trained innate immunity
Joosten, S. A., van Meijgaarden, K. E., Arend, S. M., Prins, C., Oftung, F., Korsvold, G. E., Kik, S. V., Arts, R. J. W., van Crevel, R., Netea, M. G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci97508 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions — United States, 2015
Adams, D. A., Thomas, K., Jajosky, R. A., Foster, L., Baroi, G., Sharp, P., Onweh, D. H., Schley, A. W., Anderson, W. J., & for the Nationally Notifiable Infectious Conditions Group (2017) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6453a1 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Wastewater-based surveillance as a tool for public health action: SARS-CoV-2 and beyond
Parkins, M. D., Lee, B. E., Acosta, N., Bautista, M. A., Hubert, C. R. J., Hrudey, S. E., Frankowski, K., & Pang, X. (2023) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00103-22 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Coussens, A. K., Zaidi, S. M. A., Allwood, B., Dewan, P. K., Gray, G., Kohli, M., Kredo, T., Marais, B. J., Marks, G. B., Martínez, L., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(24)00028-6 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationGong, W., & Wu, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.745592 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathology and Management of Human Tuberculosis
Shastri, M. D., Shukla, S. D., Chong, W. C., Dua, K., Peterson, G. M., Patel, R. P., Hansbro, P. M., Eri, R. D., & O’Toole, R. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/7695364 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Knight, G. M., McQuaid, C. F., Dodd, P. J., & Houben, R. M. G. J. (2019) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30307-x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationGoletti, D., Lee, M., Wang, J., Walter, N. D., & Ottenhoff, T. H. M. (2018) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.13272 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Safety and Side Effects of Rifampin versus Isoniazid in Children
Diallo, T., Adjobimey, M., Ruslami, R., Trajman, A., Bah-Sow, O. Y., Baah, J. O., Marks, G. B., Long, R., Elwood, K., Zielinski, D., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1714284 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Kanabalan, R. D., Lee, L. J., Lee, T. Y., Chong, P. P., Hassan, L., Ismail, R., & Chin, V. K. (2021) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2020.126674 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Metabolite changes in blood predict the onset of tuberculosis
Weiner, J. M., Maertzdorf, J., Sutherland, J. S., Duffy, F. J., Thompson, E. G., Suliman, S., McEwen, G. K., Thiel, B., Parida, S. K., Żyła, J., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07635-7 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The knowns and unknowns of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Boom, W. H., Schaible, U. E., & Achkar, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci136222 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Menzies, N. A., Wolf, E. E., Connors, D., Bellerose, M., Sbarra, A. N., Cohen, T., Hill, A. N., Yaesoubi, R., Galer, K., White, P. J., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30134-8 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Seedat, F., Hargreaves, S., Nellums, L. B., Ouyang, J., Brown, M., & Friedland, J. S. (2018) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30117-8 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Cantini, F., Nannini, C., Niccoli, L., Petrone, L., Ippolito, G., & Goletti, D. (2017) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2017/8909834 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
COVID-19-associated opportunistic infections: a snapshot on the current reports
Abdoli, A., Falahi, S., & Kenarkoohi, A. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10238-021-00751-7 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Moving tuberculosis vaccines from theory to practice
Andersen, P. L., & Scriba, T. J. (2019) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0174-z · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Moliva, J. I., Turner, J., & Torrelles, J. B. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00407 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
T Cell Metabolism in Infection
Wik, J. A., & Skålhegg, B. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.840610 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Immunometabolic crosstalk during bacterial infection
Rosenberg, G., Riquelme, S. A., Prince, A. S., & Avraham, R. (2022) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-022-01080-5 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Mechanisms of M. tuberculosis Immune Evasion as Challenges to TB Vaccine Design
Ernst, J. (2018) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.004 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Malnutrition: Modulator of Immune Responses in Tuberculosis
Padmapriyadarsini, C., Saravanan, N., Bethunaickan, R., & Tripathy, S. P. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01316 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Seddon, J. A., Chiang, S. S., Esmail, H., & Coussens, A. K. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02946 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global tuberculosis epidemic
Falzon, D., Matteo Zignol, E., Bastard, M., Floyd, K., & Kasaeva, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1234785 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Collins, J. A., & Osheroff, N. (2024) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00128 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Kerner, G., Ramirez‐Alejo, N., Seeleuthner, Y., Yang, R., Ogishi, M., Cobat, A., Patin, É., Quintana‐Murci, L., Boisson‐Dupuis, S., Casanova, J., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1903561116 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Next-Generation Vaccines Based on Bacille Calmette–Guérin
Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., & Kaufmann, S. H. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00121 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Global health 2050: the path to halving premature death by mid-century
Jamison, D. T., Summers, L. H., Chang, A. Y., Karlsson, O., Mao, W., Norheim, O. F., Ogbuoji, O., Schäferhoff, M., Watkins, D., Adeyi, O., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01439-9 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Tuberculosis prevention: current strategies and future directions
Vasiliu, A., Martinez, L., Gupta, R. K., Hamada, Y., Ness, T., Kay, A., Bonnet, M., Sester, M., Kaufmann, S. H. E., Lange, C., et al. (2023) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2023.10.023 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Inherited PD-1 deficiency underlies tuberculosis and autoimmunity in a child
Ogishi, M., Yang, R., Aytekin, C., Langlais, D., Bourgey, M., Khan, T., Ali, F. A., Rahman, M., Delmonte, O. M., Chrabieh, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01388-5 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
QuantiFERON TB Gold Plus for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sotgiu, G., Saderi, L., Petruccioli, E., Aliberti, S., Piana, A. F., Petrone, L., & Goletti, D. (2019) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2019.08.018 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Liposomal vaccine formulations as prophylactic agents: design considerations for modern vaccines
Serrano, L. O. D., & Burkhart, D. J. (2017) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0319-9 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Bacterial Fitness within the Host Macrophage
Huang, L., Nazarova, E. V., & Russell, D. G. (2019) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0001-2019 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Regulatory T Cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Cardona, P., & Cardona, P.-J. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02139 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Tuberculosis Vaccine Development: Progress in Clinical Evaluation
Sable, S. B., Posey, J. E., & Scriba, T. J. (2019) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00100-19 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Lymph nodes—The neglected battlefield in tuberculosis
Ganchua, S. K. C., White, A. G., Klein, E. C., & Flynn, J. L. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008632 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Zellweger, J. P., Sotgiu, G., Corradi, M., & Durando, P. (2020) · La Medicina del Lavoro · doi:10.23749/mdl.v111i3.9983 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Suliman, S., Luabeya, A. K. K., Geldenhuys, H. D., Tameris, M. D., Hoff, S. T., Shi, Z., Tait, D. R., Kromann, I., Rühwald, M., Rutkowski, K. T., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201802-0366oc · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Scriba, T. J., Netea, M. G., & Ginsberg, A. M. (2020) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2020.101431 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Evolution of virulence in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
Orgeur, M., & Brosch, R. (2018) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.021 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Petruccioli, E., Vanini, V., Chiacchio, T., Cuzzi, G., Cirillo, D. M., Palmieri, F., Ippolito, G., & Goletti, D. (2017) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2017.06.002 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Latent tuberculosis infection: Opportunities and challenges
Chee, C. B. E., Reves, R. R., Zhang, Y., & Belknap, R. (2018) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.13346 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Diagnostic biomarkers for active tuberculosis: progress and challenges
Nogueira, B. M. F., Krishnan, S., Barreto‐Duarte, B., Araújo‐Pereira, M., Queiroz, A. T. L., Ellner, J. J., Salgame, P. R., Scriba, T. J., Sterling, T. R., Gupta, A., et al. (2022) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202114088 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis MetabolismPreprint
Warner, D. F. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021121 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis : immune response, biomarkers, and therapeutic intervention
Li, Z., Yang, L., Li, L., Ye, Z., & Gong, W. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.419 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Nathan, A., Beynor, J. I., Baglaenko, Y., Suliman, S., Ishigaki, K., Asgari, S., Huang, C.-C., Luo, Y., Zhang, Z., Lopez, K., et al. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-00933-1 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Krutikov, M., Faust, L., Nikolayevskyy, V., Hamada, Y., Gupta, R. K., Cirillo, D., Matteelli, A., Korobitsyn, A., Denkinger, C. M., & Rangaka, M. X. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00261-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Laval, T., Chaumont, L., & Demangel, C. (2021) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12952 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Penn‐Nicholson, A., Hraha, T. H., Thompson, E. G., Sterling, D., Mbandi, S. K., Wall, K. M., Fisher, M., Suliman, S., Shankar, S., Hanekom, W. A., et al. (2019) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002781 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Sabin, S. J., Herbig, A., Vågene, Å. J., Ahlström, T., Božović, G., Arcini, C., Kühnert, D., & Bos, K. I. (2020) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-020-02112-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Ding, C., Hu, M., Guo, W., Hu, W., Li, X., Wang, S., Shangguan, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, S., & Xu, K. (2022) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.029 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The prevalence of tuberculosis infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Chauhan, A. S., Parmar, M., Dash, G. C., Solanki, H., Chauhan, S., Sharma, J., Sahoo, K. C., Mahapatra, P., Rao, R., Kumar, R., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Microbiology Research · doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_382_23 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
COVID-19 and tuberculosis: the double whammy of respiratory pathogens
Shariq, M., Sheikh, J. A., Quadir, N., Sharma, N., Hasnain, S. E., & Ehtesham, N. Z. (2022) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0264-2021 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Transcriptional landscape of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages
Roy, S., Schmeier, S., Kaczkowski, B., Arner, E., Alam, T., Ozturk, M., Tamgue, O., Parihar, S. P., Kawaji, H., Itoh, M., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24509-6 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Tarancón, R., Domínguez‐Andrés, J., Uranga, S., Ferreira, A. V., Groh, L. A., Domenech, M., González‐Camacho, F., Riksen, N. P., Aguiló, N., Yuste, J., et al. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008404 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Apriani, L., McAllister, S. M., SHARPLES, K. J., Alisjahbana, B., Ruslami, R., Hill, P. C., & Menzies, D. (2019) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.01789-2018 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Day, C. L., Abrahams, D. A., Bunjun, R., Stone, L., de Kock, M., Walzl, G., Wilkinson, R. J., Burgers, W. A., & Hanekom, W. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01995 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Clinical Development of New TB Vaccines: Recent Advances and Next Steps
Hatherill, M., White, R. G., & Hawn, T. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.03154 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Vaccination Against Tuberculosis: Revamping BCG by Molecular Genetics Guided by Immunology
Kaufmann, S. H. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00316 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis: lessons learned over 30 years: pectoral assay
Abu‐Zidan, F. M., & Sheek‐Hussein, M. (2019) · World Journal of Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1186/s13017-019-0252-3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sousa, J., Cá, B., Maceiras, A. R., Costa, A. L., Fonseca, K. L., Fernandes, A. I., Ramos, A., Carvalho, T., Barros, L., Magalhães, C., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15832-6 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Mycobacterium tuberculosis progresses through two phases of latent infection in humans
Colangeli, R., Gupta, A., Vinhas, S. A., Venkata, U. D. C., Kim, S., Grady, C. A., Jones‐López, E. C., Soteropoulos, P., Palaci, M., Marques-Rodrigues, P., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18699-9 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
- Authors
- Houben, R. M. G. J., & Dodd, P. J.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Houben, Rein M. G. J.
- Venue
- PLOS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-10-25
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e1002152
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC5079585
- OpenAlex
- W2533230523
- Cited by
- 2,054
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 160 · 2025: 259 · 2024: 242 · 2023: 243 · 2022: 208 · 2021: 237 · 2020: 257 · 2019: 205 · 2018: 167 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 22.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (US) (OPP1084276)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Keywords
- latent tuberculosis infection, global burden of disease, annual risk of infection, isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis, recent infection, End TB Strategy, Gaussian process regression, WHO regions, tuberculosis control, uncertainty quantification, demography
- MeSH terms
- Antitubercular Agents, Humans, Isoniazid, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Risk, Global Health, Incidence, Prevalence, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant, Latent Tuberculosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
