The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Origin of mitochondrial DNA diversity of domestic yaks
Open accessAbstract
Background: The domestication of plants and animals was extremely important anthropologically. Previous studies have revealed a general tendency for populations of livestock species to include deeply divergent maternal lineages, indicating that they were domesticated in multiple, independent events from genetically discrete wild populations. However, in water buffalo, there are suggestions that a similar deep maternal bifurcation may have originated from a single population. These hypotheses have rarely been rigorously tested because of a lack of sufficient wild samples. To investigate the origin of the domestic yak (Poephagus grunnies), we analyzed 637 bp of maternal inherited mtDNA from 13 wild yaks (including eight wild yaks from a small population in west Qinghai) and 250 domesticated yaks from major herding regions. Results: The domestic yak populations had two deeply divergent phylogenetic groups with a divergence time of > 100,000 yrs BP. We here show that haplotypes clustering with two deeply divergent maternal lineages in domesticated yaks occur in a single, small, wild population. This finding suggests that all domestic yaks are derived from a single wild gene pool. However, there is no clear correlation of the mtDNA phylogenetic clades and the 10 morphological types of sampled yaks indicating that the latter diversified recently. Relatively high diversity was found in Qinghai and Tibet around the current wild distribution, in accordance with previous suggestions that the earliest domestications occurred in this region. Conventional molecular clock estimation led to an unrealistic early dating of the start of the domestication. However, Bayesian estimation of the coalescence time allowing a relaxation of the mutation rate are better in agreement with a domestication during the Holocene as supported by archeological records. Conclusion: The information gathered here and the previous studies of other animals show that the demographic histories of domestication of livestock species were highly diverse despite the common general feature of deeply divergent maternal lineages. The results further suggest that domestication of local wild prey ungulate animals was a common occurrence during the development of human civilization following the postglacial colonization in different locations of the world, including the high, arid Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This may be due to a longer and more systematic selection in cattle and/or to introgression from wild yaks still living on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 14,15 .”
From The yak genome and adaptation to life at high altitude (2012) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON PHYLOGENIES: AN APPROACH USING THE BOOTSTRAP
Felsenstein, J. (1985) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x · Cited by 44,735
MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees.
Huelsenbeck, J. P., & Ronquist, F. (2001) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754 · Cited by 21,937
MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution.
Posada, D., & Crandall, K. A. (1998) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817 · Cited by 19,820
Confidence Limits on Phylogenies: An Approach Using the Bootstrap
Felsenstein, J. (1985) · Evolution · doi:10.2307/2408678 · Cited by 19,371
Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies
Bandelt, H. J., Forster, P., & Rohl, A. (1999) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036 · Cited by 11,742
MEGA3: Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment
Kumar, S. (2004) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/5.2.150 · Cited by 11,674
Fu, Y. (1997) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/147.2.915 · Cited by 7,195
MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny
Huelsenbeck, J. P., & Ronquist, F. (2001) · Bioinformatics · Cited by 4,892
Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication
Diamond, J. M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01019 · Cited by 1,772
Mitochondrial portraits of human populations using median networks.
Bandelt, H. J., Forster, P., Sykes, B. C., & Richards, M. B. (1995) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/141.2.743 · Cited by 1,071
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Qian YW: The origin of domesticated animal: biohistory. 1979, Science Press, Beijing, China
- Zhang R: Chinese yaks. 1989, Gansu Scientific and Technology Press, Lanzhou, China
- Weiner G, Han JL, Long RJ: The yak. 2003, The regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Bangkok, Thailand, 2
- Flerow CC: Zur geographischen verbreitung der gattung poephagus im pleistozan und holozan. Quartarpalaontolog. 1980, 4: 123-126.
- Qi XB, Han JL, Rege JAO, Hanotte O: Mitochondrial DNA evidence for multiple maternal origin of domestic yak. Proc 20 Int Conf Anim Genet Tokyo. 2004, 11-16.
- Shi YF, Li JJ, Li BY: Uplift and environmental changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the Late Cenozoic. 1998, Guangdong Science and Technology Press, Guangzhou, China
- Tang LY, Shen CM: Late Cenozoic vegetational history and climatic characteristics of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Acta Micropalaeont Sin. 1996, 13: 321-337.
- Cai L: Chinese Yakology. 1989, Sichuan Scientific & Technology Press, Chengdu, China
- Swofford DL: PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (and Other Methods). Version 4. 2002, Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts
- Schneider S, Roessli D, Excoffer L: ARLEQUIN Ver. 2.0: a Software for Population Genetics Data Analysis. 1999, Department of Anthropology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Rambaut A, Drummond AJ: Tracer. 2004, University of Oxford, Oxford
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–118 of 118
Kumar, S., Kumari, R., SHARMA, V., & Yadav, M. (2016) · The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.56093/ijans.v86i12.68482 · Cited by 3
Li, B., Yang, J., Liu, Y., & Jiang, M. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13182963 · Cited by 2
What do we know about treelines of the Anthropocene in High Asia?
Miehe, G., Mao, K., Hasson, S. U., Böhner, J., & Schickhoff, U. (2023) · Acta Botanica Yunnanica · doi:10.1016/j.pld.2023.08.005 · Cited by 1
Paleogenomics Reveals a Loss of Bovine Lineages in Mid-latitude Asia Over the Last 200,000 Years
Gilardet, A., Oppenheimer, J., Sinding, M. S., Lord, E., Chacón-Duque, J. C., Oteo‐García, G., Xenikoudakis, G., Kosintsev, P. A., Southon, J. R., Vasiliev, S. K., et al. (2025) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evaf206 · Cited by 1
Топоздордун (Bos grunniens) жүрүш-туруш актыларын изилдөөлөргө системалык сереп
Тулобаев, А., Şen, İ., Arı, H. H., Aldayarov, N., Salykov, R., & Dcalmagombetova, A. (2025) · Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences · doi:10.53518/mjavl.1736485 · Cited by 1
Diversity Analysis of Chinese Tibetan Naqu Yak (Bos grunniens) Populations Using mtDNA
Basang, W., An, T.-W., Danjiu, L.-B., Zhu, Y., He, S., Luo, X., Ni, W., Wang, X., Cheng, S.-Z., Wang, J., et al. (2018) · Pakistan Journal of Zoology · doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.6.2051.2057 · Cited by 1
Genetic Resilience of a Once Endangered Species, Tibetan Antelope ( Pantholops hodgsonii )Preprint
Shi, Y., Chen, J., Su, J., Zhang, T., & Wasser, S. K. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/628727 · Cited by 1
Self-citationMitogenomic Diversity and Maternal Origins of Yak (Bos Grunniens)Preprint
Wang, X., Pei, J., Bao, P., Cao, M., Guo, S., Song, R., Song, W., ChunNian, L., Yan, P., & Guo, X. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-157770/v1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationHan, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_2218 · Cited by 1
Analysis of Mitochondrial D-Loop Cloning Sequence Variations in Yak (Bos Grunniens)Preprint
Liu, B., Lu, X., Wang, H., Tao, X., Yang, Q., & Dou, Q. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-52757/v1
Hofreiter, M. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-37654-5_20 · Cited by 1
Pukhrambam, M., Dutta, A., Das, P. J., Chanda, A., & Sarkar, M. (2024) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-024-10076-9
Additional file 2 of Genetic diversity, phylogeography, and maternal origin of yak (Bos grunniens)
Wang, X., Pei, J., Xiong, L., Bao, P., Chu, M., Ma, X., La, Y., Liang, C., Yan, P., & Guo, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25834277
Additional file 1 of Genetic diversity, phylogeography, and maternal origin of yak (Bos grunniens)
Wang, X., Pei, J., Xiong, L., Bao, P., Chu, M., Ma, X., La, Y., Liang, C., Yan, P., & Guo, X. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25834145
Additional file 1 of Evaluating genomic inbreeding of two Chinese yak (Bos grunniens) populations
Chen, S.-Y., Luo, Z., Jia, X., Zhou, J., & Lai, S.-J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26360908
Self-citationXiang, Y., Wang, M., Xu, H., Hocquette, J.-F. J.-F., & Hao, L. (2026) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2026.109168
Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Lu, J., Guo, X., Wang, X., Niyazbekova, Z., Liu, G., Yuan, Z., Jiang, Y., & Ma, Y. (2026) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2026.10.012
Metadata
- Authors
- Guo, S., Savolainen, P., Su, J., Zhang, Q., Qi, D., Zhou, J., Zhong, Y., Zhao, X., & Liu, J.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology (SE)
- Lanzhou University (CN)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Xinquan
- Liu, Jianquan
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Evolutionary Biology
- Published
- 2006-09-22
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 73-73
- ISSN
- 1471-2148 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1485317327
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Evolutionary Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lanzhou University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Poephagus grunniens, mitochondrial DNA, maternal lineage, wild yak, divergence time estimation, Tibetan Plateau, livestock domestication, morphological diversity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Domestic, Animals, Wild, Cattle, DNA, Mitochondrial, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Genetic Variation, Evolution, Molecular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
