Cited by 129Mesenchymal stem cell researchNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsPluripotent Stem Cells Research

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IGF-1 enhances cell proliferation and survival during early differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to neural progenitor-like cells

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Huat, Tee Jong, Khan, Amir Ali, Pati, Soumya, Mustafa, Zulkifli, Abdullah, Jafri Malin, Jaafar, Hasnan·2014·BMC Neuroscience

Abstract

BACKGROUND: There has been increasing interest recently in the plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their potential to differentiate into neural lineages. To unravel the roles and effects of different growth factors in the differentiation of MSCs into neural lineages, we have differentiated MSCs into neural lineages using different combinations of growth factors. Based on previous studies of the roles of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in neural stem cell isolation in the laboratory, we hypothesized that IGF-1 can enhance proliferation and reduce apoptosis in neural progenitor-like cells (NPCs) during differentiation of MSCs into NCPs.We induced MSCs differentiation under four different combinations of growth factors: (A) EGF + bFGF, (B) EGF + bFGF + IGF-1, (C) EGF + bFGF + LIF, (D) EGF + bFGF + BDNF, and (E) without growth factors, as a negative control. The neurospheres formed were characterized by immunofluorescence staining against nestin, and the expression was measured by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were also studied by MTS and Annexin V assay, respectively, at three different time intervals (24 hr, 3 days, and 5 days). The neurospheres formed in the four groups were then terminally differentiated into neuron and glial cells. RESULTS: The four derived NPCs showed a significantly higher expression of nestin than was shown by the negative control. Among the groups treated with growth factors, NPCs treated with IGF-1 showed the highest expression of nestin. Furthermore, NPCs derived using IGF-1 exhibited the highest cell proliferation and cell survival among the treated groups. The NPCs derived from IGF-1 treatment also resulted in a better yield after the terminal differentiation into neurons and glial cells than that of the other treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that IGF-1 has a crucial role in the differentiation of MSCs into neuronal lineage by enhancing the proliferation and reducing the apoptosis in the NPCs. This information will be beneficial in the long run for improving both cell-based and cell-free therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.

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Crossref · 10.1186/1471-2202-15-91

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Figures

Figure 1 Phenotypic analysis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (A) Primary rat bone marrow MSCs attached to the surface of the flask exhibiting elongation (arrow). (B) Homogenous rat BM MSCs at passage 4 displaying a fibroblast-like appearance and spindle-like arrangement. (C-D) Immunofluorescence of BM MSCs showing a strong expression of CD90 (C) and CD44 (D). (E) BM MSCs showing weak expression of nestin. (F) Immunophenotypes of BM MSCs analysed by flow cytometry. Images were viewed at 400× magnification using an inverted microscope and a fluorescence microscope equipped with a pseudo-fluorescence filter.
Figure 1 Phenotypic analysis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (A) Primary rat bone marrow MSCs attached to the surface of the flask exhibiting elongation (arrow). (B) Homogenous rat BM MSCs at passage 4 displaying a fibroblast-like appearance and spindle-like arrangement. (C-D) Immunofluorescence of BM MSCs showing a strong expression of CD90 (C) and CD44 (D). (E) BM MSCs showing weak expression of nestin. (F) Immunophenotypes of BM MSCs analysed by flow cytometry. Images were viewed at 400× magnification using an inverted microscope and a fluorescence microscope equipped with a pseudo-fluorescence filter.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Neurospheres at days 1, 3, and 5 showing differing sizes in different combination of growth factors. Group A (EGF + bFGF); Group B (EGF + bFGF + IGF-1); Group C (EGF + bFGF + LIF); Group D (EGF + bFGF + BDNF) and Group E (no growth factors). Cells in Group E attached to the flask starting to differentiate (arrows). Neurospheres with irregular shape formed in Group E on day 5 of culture. Images were viewed with 100× magnification under an inverted microscope.
Figure 2 Neurospheres at days 1, 3, and 5 showing differing sizes in different combination of growth factors. Group A (EGF + bFGF); Group B (EGF + bFGF + IGF-1); Group C (EGF + bFGF + LIF); Group D (EGF + bFGF + BDNF) and Group E (no growth factors). Cells in Group E attached to the flask starting to differentiate (arrows). Neurospheres with irregular shape formed in Group E on day 5 of culture. Images were viewed with 100× magnification under an inverted microscope.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Immunocytochemical staining and flow cytometer analysis of MSC-induced neural progenitor-like cells. (A) NPCs from group B (EGF + bFGF + IGF-1) strongly expressing nestin. (B) NPCs from group B also strongly express Sox-2. (C) Flow cytometer analysis of nestin expression of NPCs from all groups (A, B, C and D) indicating the early differentiation of MSCs into NPCs. Group E clearly show the existence of two populations of cells indicating partial differentiation due to the effect of neural basal media. Flow cytometric data further validated the results obtained from immunofluorescence staining for group B. Images were viewed at 100× magnification using a fluorescence microscope.
Figure 3 Immunocytochemical staining and flow cytometer analysis of MSC-induced neural progenitor-like cells. (A) NPCs from group B (EGF + bFGF + IGF-1) strongly expressing nestin. (B) NPCs from group B also strongly express Sox-2. (C) Flow cytometer analysis of nestin expression of NPCs from all groups (A, B, C and D) indicating the early differentiation of MSCs into NPCs. Group E clearly show the existence of two populations of cells indicating partial differentiation due to the effect of neural basal media. Flow cytometric data further validated the results obtained from immunofluorescence staining for group B. Images were viewed at 100× magnification using a fluorescence microscope.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Proliferation analyses of NPCs under different growth factors. Cells (n = 12) were incubated with MTS reagent for 4 hr and changes in proliferation were studied at five time intervals (24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, 96 hr, and 120 hr). The data represented as optical density (OD) at 540 nm in mean ± SEM (p < 0.05).
Figure 4 Proliferation analyses of NPCs under different growth factors. Cells (n = 12) were incubated with MTS reagent for 4 hr and changes in proliferation were studied at five time intervals (24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, 96 hr, and 120 hr). The data represented as optical density (OD) at 540 nm in mean ± SEM (p < 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Pairwise multiple comparison analyses between groups of NPCs at different time intervals. Pairwise multiple comparison analysis was carried out using Tukey’s HSD (Tukey’s honest significant difference test). The data in red represents mean ± SD for statistically significant results (p < 0.05). P-values stated in blue indicate statistically insignificant comparisons (p > 0.05).
Figure 5 Pairwise multiple comparison analyses between groups of NPCs at different time intervals. Pairwise multiple comparison analysis was carried out using Tukey’s HSD (Tukey’s honest significant difference test). The data in red represents mean ± SD for statistically significant results (p < 0.05). P-values stated in blue indicate statistically insignificant comparisons (p > 0.05).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Apoptosis assay. Immunostaining revealed that transdifferentiation is associated with apoptotic activities. (A) SYTOX Blue nuclei staining, (B) FITC-conjugated Annexin V, (C) propidium iodide (PI), and (D) overlay image. All images are viewed at 40× magnification under a confocal microscope.
Figure 6 Apoptosis assay. Immunostaining revealed that transdifferentiation is associated with apoptotic activities. (A) SYTOX Blue nuclei staining, (B) FITC-conjugated Annexin V, (C) propidium iodide (PI), and (D) overlay image. All images are viewed at 40× magnification under a confocal microscope.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Comparison of apoptotic activities between groups ( n = 3). (A) Percentage of live cells. (B) Percentage of necrotic cells. (C) Percentage of early apoptotic cells. (D) Percentage of late apoptotic cells. The data are presented as mean ± SD for statistically significant results (p < 0.05) and were obtained by flow cytometry equipped with analytical software.
Figure 7 Comparison of apoptotic activities between groups ( n = 3). (A) Percentage of live cells. (B) Percentage of necrotic cells. (C) Percentage of early apoptotic cells. (D) Percentage of late apoptotic cells. The data are presented as mean ± SD for statistically significant results (p < 0.05) and were obtained by flow cytometry equipped with analytical software.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Quantitative RT-PCR analysis ( n = 3). (A) Expression plots of the nestin gene (green), the neurofilament gene (red) and the housekeeping gene (orange). (B) Histograms showing quantification of NES and NEFL at the indicated time. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05.
Figure 8 Quantitative RT-PCR analysis ( n = 3). (A) Expression plots of the nestin gene (green), the neurofilament gene (red) and the housekeeping gene (orange). (B) Histograms showing quantification of NES and NEFL at the indicated time. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 In vitro differentiation of NPCs into neuronal cell types. NPCs from group A, B, C and D were differentiated at day 3 post induction using glial induction and neuronal induction protocol on poly-L-lysine coated wells for 14 days. All the NPCs from the four groups differentiated, attached to the surfaces and changed their morphology. The cells from negative control, Group E, were also treated similarly but the cells at the end of differentiation did not attach indicating no mature neural cells were formed.
Figure 9 In vitro differentiation of NPCs into neuronal cell types. NPCs from group A, B, C and D were differentiated at day 3 post induction using glial induction and neuronal induction protocol on poly-L-lysine coated wells for 14 days. All the NPCs from the four groups differentiated, attached to the surfaces and changed their morphology. The cells from negative control, Group E, were also treated similarly but the cells at the end of differentiation did not attach indicating no mature neural cells were formed.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 Immunocytochemical staining of terminally differentiated cells. NPCs from group B were differentiated using the neuronal induction medium and were stained with FluoroPan neuronal marker for neurons and astrocytes (GFAP). Nuclei have been counterstained with SYTOX Blue. (A) Phase contrast image of differentiated cells. (B) FluoroPan neuronal FITC. (C) Nucleus staining with SYTOX Blue. (D) Overlay image. (E) Astrocytes stained with GFAP and counterstained with secondary antibody Cy3. Images were taken at 400× magnification using a Pascal 5 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany).
Figure 10 Immunocytochemical staining of terminally differentiated cells. NPCs from group B were differentiated using the neuronal induction medium and were stained with FluoroPan neuronal marker for neurons and astrocytes (GFAP). Nuclei have been counterstained with SYTOX Blue. (A) Phase contrast image of differentiated cells. (B) FluoroPan neuronal FITC. (C) Nucleus staining with SYTOX Blue. (D) Overlay image. (E) Astrocytes stained with GFAP and counterstained with secondary antibody Cy3. Images were taken at 400× magnification using a Pascal 5 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany).CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Huat, T. J., Khan, A. A., Pati, S., Mustafa, Z., Abdullah, J. M., & Jaafar, H.
Affiliations
Universiti Sains Malaysia (MY)
Corresponding author
Huat, Tee Jong
Venue
BMC Neuroscience
Published
2014-07-22
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
91-91
ISSN
1471-2202 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2045159954
Cited by
129
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
FWCI
6.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • BMC Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Mesenchymal stem cell research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
Keywords
insulin-like growth factor I, mesenchymal stem cells, neural progenitor-like cells, neuronal differentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, growth factor combination, epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, LiF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nestin, neurospheres, neurodegenerative disease treatment
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Neuroglia, Neurons, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Apoptosis, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Cell Proliferation, Neurogenesis, Neural Stem Cells, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Nestin

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