The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A methodological systematic review of what’s wrong with meta-ethnography reporting
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Syntheses of qualitative studies can inform health policy, services and our understanding of patient experience. Meta-ethnography is a systematic seven-phase interpretive qualitative synthesis approach well-suited to producing new theories and conceptual models. However, there are concerns about the quality of meta-ethnography reporting, particularly the analysis and synthesis processes. Our aim was to investigate the application and reporting of methods in recent meta-ethnography journal papers, focusing on the analysis and synthesis process and output. METHODS: Methodological systematic review of health-related meta-ethnography journal papers published from 2012-2013. We searched six electronic databases, Google Scholar and Zetoc for papers using key terms including 'meta-ethnography.' Two authors independently screened papers by title and abstract with 100% agreement. We identified 32 relevant papers. Three authors independently extracted data and all authors analysed the application and reporting of methods using content analysis. RESULTS: Meta-ethnography was applied in diverse ways, sometimes inappropriately. In 13% of papers the approach did not suit the research aim. In 66% of papers reviewers did not follow the principles of meta-ethnography. The analytical and synthesis processes were poorly reported overall. In only 31% of papers reviewers clearly described how they analysed conceptual data from primary studies (phase 5, 'translation' of studies) and in only one paper (3%) reviewers explicitly described how they conducted the analytic synthesis process (phase 6). In 38% of papers we could not ascertain if reviewers had achieved any new interpretation of primary studies. In over 30% of papers seminal methodological texts which could have informed methods were not cited. CONCLUSIONS: We believe this is the first in-depth methodological systematic review of meta-ethnography conduct and reporting. Meta-ethnography is an evolving approach. Current reporting of methods, analysis and synthesis lacks clarity and comprehensiveness. This is a major barrier to use of meta-ethnography findings that could contribute significantly to the evidence base because it makes judging their rigour and credibility difficult. To realise the high potential value of meta-ethnography for enhancing health care and understanding patient experience requires reporting that clearly conveys the methodology, analysis and findings. Tailored meta-ethnography reporting guidelines, developed through expert consensus, could improve reporting.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, it must be recognized that analysis and interpretation is limited by the contextual and conceptual thinness of some of the included studies (France et al., 2014).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as France et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A synthesis of these qualitative studies has the potential to achieve greater conceptual understanding of cyberbullying from young people's perspective (France et al., 2014).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as France et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Wagner, H. R., Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1968) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575405 · Cited by 46,525
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732305276687 · Cited by 44,601
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzm042 · Cited by 42,509
The Discovery of Grounded Theory; Strategies for Qualitative Research
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L., & Strutzel, E. (1968) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014 · Cited by 39,449
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554
Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques.
Ellis, C., Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1992) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074814 · Cited by 29,296
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575
Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook
Silverman, D. J. (1999) · Cited by 5,939
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- The Cochrane Collaboration: The Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: 5.1.0 ed. 2011
- Nunes V, Neilson J, O’Flynn N, Calvert N, Kuntze S, Smithson H, Benson J, Blair J, Bowser A, Clyne W, Crome P, Haddad P, Hemingway S, Horne R, Johnson S, Kelly S, Packham B, Patel M, Steel J: Clinical guidelines and evidence review for medicines adherence: involving patients in decisions about prescribed medicines and supporting adherence. Manchester: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2009, NICE Clinical Guideline CG76
- QSR International: NVivo qualitative data analysis software. 2012, QSR International Pty Ltd., Version 10
- Hannes K: Chapter 4: Critical appraisal of qualitative research. Supplementary Guidance for Inclusion of Qualitative Research in Cochrane Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Edited by: Noyes J, Booth A, Hannes K, Harden A, Harris J, Lewin S, Lockwood C. 2011, Cochrane Collaboration Qualitative Methods Group, Version 1 (updated August 2011):
- Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP): Qualitative research: appraisal tool. 10 questions to help you make sense of qualitative research. 2006, Oxford: Public Health Resource Unit
- The Joanna Briggs Institute: Reviewers’ Manual. 2011, Adelaide, South Australia: Joanna Briggs Institute
- Schutz A: Collected papers. 1962, Nijhoff: The Hague, 1:
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–183 of 183
de Beer, J., Heerkens, Y. F., Engels, J. A., & van der Klink, J. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13436-x · Cited by 18
Fernández‐Basanta, S., Lois‐Sandá, L., & Movilla‐Fernández, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16407 · Cited by 18
Jenkins, H., Jessiman, W. C., Hubbard, G., & O’Malley, C. (2023) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103746 · Cited by 18
Improving reporting of meta‐ethnography: The eMERG e reporting guidance
France, E. F., Cunningham, M., Ring, N., Uny, I., Duncan, E., Jepson, R. G., Maxwell, M., Roberts, R. J., Turley, R. L., Booth, A., et al. (2019) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3147 · Cited by 16
Self-citationFrom Midwife-Dominated to Midwifery-Led Antenatal Care: A Meta-Ethnography
Dahl, B., Heinonen, K., & Bondas, T. E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238946 · Cited by 16
Meta-ethnography of experiences of early discharge, with a focus on paediatric febrile neutropenia
Morgan, J. E., Cleminson, J. S., Stewart, L. A., Phillips, R. S., & Atkin, K. M. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-017-3983-2 · Cited by 16
Svensson, M. K., Wahlberg, A., & Gislason, G. (2019) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732319869909 · Cited by 15
Quality assessment framework for open government data
Zhang, H., & Xiao, J. (2020) · The Electronic Library · doi:10.1108/el-06-2019-0145 · Cited by 15
Chen, Y., Zhou, W., Hou, L., Zhang, X., Wang, Q., Gu, J., Zhang, R., & Yang, H. L. (2021) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01995-9 · Cited by 15
How Triage Nurses Use Discretion: a Literature Review
Johannessen, L. E. F. (2016) · Professions and Professionalism · doi:10.7577/pp.1446 · Cited by 15
Davenport, S., Dickinson, A. M., & Lowe, C. (2019) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215519868797 · Cited by 14
Park, S. E., Khan, N., Stevenson, F. A., & Malpass, A. (2020) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-020-0918-2 · Cited by 13
Shankar, R., Devi, F., Ang, E. N. K., & Er, J. B. T. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099875 · Cited by 14
Nygård, C., Clancy, A., & Kitzmüller, G. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15991 · Cited by 12
Gallagher, A., Eames, C., Roddy, R., & Cunningham, R. (2022) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2022.2108774 · Cited by 13
Social Constructivist Meta-Ethnography - – A Framework Construction
Soundy, A. (2024) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069241244863 · Cited by 9
Scaling up qualitative research to harness the capacity of lay people in invasive plant management
Gill, N., Chisholm, L., Atchison, J. M., Graham, S., Hawkes, G. L., Head, L., & McKiernan, S. (2022) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.13929 · Cited by 10
Parker, H., Frost, J., Day, J., Bethune, R. M., Kajamaa, A. M., Hand, K. S. P., Robinson, S., & Mattick, K. L. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271454 · Cited by 10
Existential well-being for the oldest old in nursing homes: a meta-ethnography
Balkin, E. J., Grønkjær, M., Martinsen, B., Kymre, I. G., & Kollerup, M. G. (2023) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x22001155 · Cited by 10
Young, J. K., Lloyd, A., & Haraldsdóttir, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2023.1298553 · Cited by 9
The FATHER Model of Loss and Grief After Child’s Life-Limiting Illness
Postăvaru, G.-I., Hamilton, J., Davies, S. M., Swaby, H., Michael, A., Swaby, R., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B. (2023) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-059122 · Cited by 9
Girard, M., Fernet, M., & Godbout, N. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231214783 · Cited by 9
Gesso, C. D., Lodhi, R. N., & Çobanoğlu, C. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-09-2021-1092 · Cited by 9
Adaptations to adult attachment and intimacy following spinal cord injury: a systematic review
Mair, L., & Moses, J. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2218650 · Cited by 9
Fernández‐Basanta, S., Picallo‐García, L., & Movilla‐Fernández, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16269 · Cited by 8
Disentangling Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity: The Beauty of Differing Definitions
Baptista, B. V. (2023) · Logic, argumentation & reasoning · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20405-0_2 · Cited by 8
Older peoples' lived experiences of personalised care in care homes: A meta‐ethnography
Hodge, G., Lang, I., Byng, R., & Pearce, S. (2023) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12585 · Cited by 8
Tucker, S., Heneghan, N. R., Gardner, A. C., Rushton, A., Alamrani, S. A., & Soundy, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13060486 · Cited by 10
Nielsby, U., Dau, S., Bruun, H., & Christensen, A. S. (2025) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/09697330251319373 · Cited by 7
Kelly, M. A., Ellaway, R., Reid, H., Ganshorn, H., Yardley, S. J., Bennett, D. M., & Dornan, T. (2018) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-018-9829-y · Cited by 7
Advancing the Field of Synthesis Scholarship: A Response to Nicky Britten and Colleagues
Thorne, S. E. (2017) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732317711902 · Cited by 7
Depraetere et al - Critical interpretive synthesis: An assessment of reporting practicesPreprint
Depraetere, J., Vandeviver, C., Keygnaert, I., & Beken, T. V. (2019) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/e7g3u · Cited by 7
Peeren, S., Montgomery, E., Sweeney, A., Spaducci, G., Kaul, A., Smeeth, D., & Oram, S. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-13584-x · Cited by 9
Parker, H., Frost, J., Britten, N., Robinson, S., & Mattick, K. L. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01477-5 · Cited by 6
Taylor, A., Whittaker, A., Chandler, A., & Carnegie, E. (2023) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104061 · Cited by 6
The Evolution of Young People’s Spatial Knowledge
Ulloa, I. C., Heinrich, A. J., Million, A., & Schwerer, J. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003099727 · Cited by 6
Intensive insulin therapy in the primary school setting: A meta-ethnographic synthesis
Marks, A., Wilkes, L., Blythe, S. L., & Griffiths, R. (2016) · International Diabetes Nursing · doi:10.1080/20573316.2015.1126938 · Cited by 6
Munn, Z., Dias, M. M., Tufănaru, C., Porritt, K. A., Stern, C., Jordan, Z., Aromataris, E., & Pearson, A. (2018) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003550 · Cited by 5
Gunning, J. N. (2025) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2025.2512923 · Cited by 4
Meta-Ethnography and its Potential for Theory Building in Library and Information Science
Everhart, N., & Johnston, M. P. (2018) · Library and Information Research · doi:10.29173/lirg744 · Cited by 4
Yin, G., Sivaramakrishnan, D., & Macaden, L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316446 · Cited by 3
Allum, K. E., Tilly, S., & Dahl, B. (2025) · European Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.18332/ejm/200615 · Cited by 3
Trotter, E. F., & Woodcock, K. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1603733 · Cited by 4
Synthesizing qualitative insights: a meta-ethnography of tourism disaster management literature
Asif, M., & Fazel, H. (2024) · International Journal of Tourism Cities · doi:10.1108/ijtc-11-2023-0247 · Cited by 3
Representations of Meta-Ethnography: In Limbo in the Jungle of Misguided Paths?
Bondas, T. E. (2025) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323251316841 · Cited by 6
Tucker, S., Heneghan, N. R., Alamrani, S. A., Rushton, A., Gardner, A. C., & Soundy, A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063946 · Cited by 4
Willmott, E. F., Thrower, S. N., Williams, T. L., & Petróczi, A. (2023) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2023.2263851 · Cited by 3
Investigating resistance to IT projects: a conceptual model from a meta-synthesis approach
Krishnan, M., & Krishnan, S. (2024) · Information Technology and People · doi:10.1108/itp-10-2022-0809 · Cited by 3
How can we achieve impact from public health research? A meta-ethnography of case studies
Gentry, S. V., Milden, L., & Kelly, M. P. (2019) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdz071 · Cited by 3
The Value of Synthesizing Evidence to Inform Cancer Nursing
Noyes, J. (2020) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000824 · Cited by 3
Self-citationProfessionalism, P. (2016) · Professions and Professionalism · doi:10.7577/pp.1711 · Cited by 3
Qualitative Evidence Synthesis Using the Costaqda Online SoftwarePreprint
Costa, K., & Mfolo, L. N. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3988946/v1 · Cited by 3
Martinsen, R., Svendsboe, E. J., Røthing, M., & Eriksen, K. Å. (2024) · Nordisk välfärdsforskning | Nordic Welfare Research · doi:10.18261/nwr.9.4.3 · Cited by 2
Kristiansen, W., Mæhlum, B., & Thimm, J. C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1673215 · Cited by 2
Pohontsch, N. J., Meyer, T., Eisenmann, Y., Metzendorf, M., Leve, V., & Lentsch, V. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039348 · Cited by 2
Moral experiences in caring for voluntary pregnancy losses: A meta-ethnography
Fernández‐Basanta, S., Bouzas-González, I., Coronado, C., & Fernández, M. J. M. (2022) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/09697330221085769 · Cited by 2
Synthesising (Beyond) Ethnographies— Meta-ethnography Revisited
Višić, M. (2023) · Etnoantropološki problemi / Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology · doi:10.21301/eap.v18i1.7 · Cited by 2
Lost in a Nameless Chaos—Women’s Experiences of Postpartum Depression: A Meta-Ethnographic Study
Dahl, B., Hermansen, M. S., & Severinsson, E. (2017) · Open Journal of Nursing · doi:10.4236/ojn.2017.78071 · Cited by 2
Experiencing Sepsis: A Meta-Ethnography
Johnston, M. W. S., Lorimer, A. J., Haines, K. J., & Litton, E. (2025) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000006913 · Cited by 1
Meta-Ethnography, a Method for the Synthesis of Qualitative Research: A Narrative Review
Afshari, P., & Yazdani, S. (2024) · Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences · doi:10.34172/jqr.2024.16 · Cited by 1
Dalloz, J. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-024-00307-2 · Cited by 2
Ermel, A. P. C., Lacerda, D. P., Morandi, M. I. W. M., & Gauss, L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75722-9_5 · Cited by 1
Kainth, R., & Reedy, G. B. (2023) · International Journal of Healthcare Simulation · doi:10.54531/tsvw4493 · Cited by 1
Qualitative Evidence Synthesis
Hannes, K. (2020) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781526421036838863 · Cited by 1
Theory Building for the Profession of Teacher Librarianship: An Application of Meta-Ethnography
Everhart, N., & Johnston, M. P. (2017) · IASL Annual Conference Proceedings · doi:10.29173/iasl7158
Respite services for people with dementia and their carers: perspectives of key stakeholders
O’Shea, E. (2020) · Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University)
Xeni, E., Kosmas, P., & Vrasidas, C. (2021) · Interacción · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90328-2_34
https://repository.usta.edu.co/handle/11634/44893
Francisco, M. E. J., Felipe, L. B. A., & Alfonso, V. (2022) · Universidad Santo Tomás eBooks · doi:10.15332/li.lib.2022.00319
Qualitative Evidence Synthesis Using COSTAQDA
Costa, K., & Costa, A. P. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65735-1_4 · Cited by 1
Azman, A. B., Majid, M. A. A., & Zulkifly, M. I. (2024) · Practice, progress, and proficiency in sustainability · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7989-9.ch017
Nvivo as a Handy Tool in Qualitative Meta-Synthesis Studies in L2 Research
Bakla, A. (2024) · Journal of Language Research · doi:10.51726/jlr.1524329
Assessing the reporting quality of published qualitative evidence syntheses in the cochrane library
Giltenane, M., O’Mahony, A., Bianchim, M. S., Booth, A., Harden, A., Houghton, C., France, E. F., Ames, H., Flemming, K., Sutcliffe, K., et al. (2025) · Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods · doi:10.1002/cesm.70023 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSánchez, T. E., Meaney, S., O’Connor, C. D., Linehan, L. A., O’Donoghue, K., Byrne, M., & Matvienko‐Sikar, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20968409
Sánchez, T. E., Meaney, S., O’Connor, C., Linehan, L. A., O’Donoghue, K., Byrne, M., & Matvienko‐Sikar, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20968415
Sánchez, T. E., Meaney, S., O’Connor, C. D., Linehan, L. A., O’Donoghue, K., Byrne, M., & Matvienko‐Sikar, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20968406
Wojcik, G., Ring, N., McCulloch, C., Willis, D. S., Williams, B., & Kydonaki, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15047589
Self-citationWojcik, G., Ring, N., McCulloch, C., Willis, D. S., Williams, B., & Kydonaki, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15047583
Self-citationSánchez, T. E., Meaney, S., O’Connor, C. D., Linehan, L. A., O’Donoghue, K., Byrne, M., & Matvienko‐Sikar, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20968403
Parker, H., Frost, J., Britten, N., Robinson, S., & Mattick, K. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13077531
Wojcik, G., Ring, N., McCulloch, C., Willis, D. S., Williams, B., & Kydonaki, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15047586
Self-citationOmolewa, P., Bressan, J., Noureddine, N., & Adedipe, A. (2026) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/15579883251414638
Qualitative Evidence Synthesis
Booth, A., & Fryer, K. (2026) · Health informatics · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11284-2_11
Qualitative Meta-Synthesis and the Study of Crime and Deviance: A Brief Introduction
Copes, H., & Hochstetler, A. (2026) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2026.2656914
Metadata
- Authors
- France, E. F., Ring, N., Thomas, R., Noyes, J., Maxwell, M., & Jepson, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Bangor University (GB)
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy (GB)
- Corresponding author
- France, Emma F
- Venue
- BMC Medical Research Methodology
- Published
- 2014-11-19
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-119
- ISSN
- 1471-2288 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4277825
- OpenAlex
- W2107708125
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 3.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Medical Research Methodology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Stirling
- Medical Research Council (MR/K023209/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- meta-ethnography, reporting quality, qualitative evidence synthesis, interpretive synthesis, methodological quality, patient experience, health care
- MeSH terms
- Anthropology, Cultural, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Publishing, Research Design, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
